1863

This page relates to the year 1863 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Africa

  • February 6th: In a letter addressed to the general governor of the Algérie, Napoleon III expresses the idea that the Algerian territory could not be regarded as a “ colony itself ”, but like a “ Arab kingdom ”, affirming that “ the natives have a right equal to my protection and I am as the emperor of the Arabs as the emperor of the French ”.

  • May 11th: Beginning of the reign of Rasoherina, queen of Madagascar (fine in 1868).
    • the Prime Minister Raharo takes the head of a conspiracy and proclaims queen Rabodo, first woman of the king Radama II. Certain authors think that Radama is killed this day, others estimate that it could escape and take refuge in country Sakalava where it would have died forty years later.
    • Raharo marries the Rabodo queen who takes the name of Rasoherina (the chrysalis). The executive power, hitherto prerogative of the sovereign, passes in the hands of the Prime Minister who controls as a dictator.
    • Madagascar denounces the land concessions with Europeans as well as the “unequal treaties” concluded by Radama II in 1862 and sends an embassy in Europe to explain its right good.
  • August 19th: Commercial convention free-Morrocan woman.
  • October 12th: Departure of the forwarding of Eugene Magus and Louis Quintin with Kaarta and Ségou (fine in 1866).

  • the kingdom Fon of Porto-Novo, creates with the XVIIe century is placed under the protection of France. This protectorate, accepted by the king Sodji, is disputed by the Dahomey.
  • British Protectorate on Badagry.
  • the army ashanti enters British protectorate (1863 - 1864).

  • Tripolitaine : the territory is divided into two provinces. The Cyrénaïque, placed under the direct administration of the Othoman sultan, and Tripolitaine, controlled by a wali, under pasha, who can negotiate with foreign representatives.

America S

North America

  • January 1st: Lincoln sign the Proclamation of emancipation: the slaves of the States which continue to fight against the Union are freed. The army of the Union opens with the Blacks.
  • January 2nd: After a dubious combat with Murfreesboro (Tennessee), the armies of the Union under the general Rosecrans force Bragg to move back on Chattanooga.
  • January 29th: Massacre Bear River. After the death of a colonist, killed by an Indian of the tribe of the Shoshones, colonel Connor attacks of night a camp of Shoshones, and keep silent his 400 inhabitants, men, women and children.
  • February 24th: The Arizona is organized in territory
  • March 3rd:
    • the Idaho is organized in territory.
    • Law on the conscription in North. It makes it possible to escape the service by paying the sum from 300 $ or by offering a substitute.
  • 2 - May 6th: Victoire de Lee with the Battle of Chancellorsville, the the United States.
  • May 14th: After failures repeated in front of Vicksburg, Grant crosses the the Mississippi, and overcomes Johntson in Jackson.
  • May 18th: head office of Vicksburg.
  • Spring: Long walk of 8000 Navajos, overcome in January by Kit Carson, towards the reserve of Strong Sumner, New Mexico.
  • June 20th: The Virginia-Western becomes the State thirty-fifth of the American Union.
  • {{1st}} - July 3rd: Battle of Gettysburg, with the the United States. Confederated of Lee invade the Pennsylvania but are beaten by Meade in Gettysburg on July 3rd, one of most decisive and fatal engagement.
  • July 4th: Capitulation of Vicksburg after six weeks of seat.
  • July 9th: End of the Seat of Port Hudson. Control the Mississippi by the army of Grant.
  • 13 - July 16th: Draft Riots against enrôlement with New York.
    • Riots caused by incorporation in the cities of North. The poor White are caught some with the Blacks which they show to be at the origin of the war. With New York, the rioters attack the office of principal recruitment (13 - July 16th). During three days, they destroy buildings, factories, trams and residences of the rich person. Blacks are assassinated. The troops of the Union enter the city to put an end to the riots which made 400 died approximately.
  • 19 - July 20th: Bragg stops the advance of Rosecrans to Chickamauga.
  • August: Bragg evacuates Chattanooga then besieges the northerners in Chattanooga for two months.
  • November 10th: Napoleon III proposes, unilaterally, a 6 months armistice between the belligerents of the American civil war, supervised by France, the United Kingdom and Russia. Refusal of the British and the Russians.
  • November 23rd: Beginning of the Battle of Chattanooga.
  • November 25th: Grant breaks the seat of Chattanooga and pushes back Bragg in Georgia. The South from now on is cut into two.
  • December 8th: Plan of the 10%. As soon as 10% of the voters to the election of 1860 lend an oath of allegiance to the Union, and accept its decisions as regards slavery, Washington will recognize of them the governments which all those will indicate which will have sworn fidelity.

  • Riots of the bread with Richmond ( April) and with Mobile ( September). Riots anticonscription in several cities of the South (be). Desertion increased in all the States from the South.
  • a half-million slaves escapes during the war. Number of them join the army of the Union (200  000 Blacks in the army and the navy, 38  000 killed with the combat).
  • Strikes concerning all the trade associations to claim pay rises in compensation of inflation.
  • Law on the “National Banking system”. It authorizes the creation of national banks which would deposit a third of their capital in good of the government, which gives to them in exchange of banknotes having legal tender to the amount of 90%.
  • Construction of the hydroelectric factory of the Chutes of the Niagara.

Latin America

  • February 3rd, Colombia: the liberals obtain a new Constitution, written by Tomas Cipriano Mosquera, which inclines towards the federalism and breaks with the centralism of the conservatives (period of the republic of News-Grenade). The Grenadian Confederation takes the name of the United States of Colombia (end in 1886).
  • French Forwarding in Mexico:
    • the March 16th, the French troops put the seat in front of the Mexican city of Puebla.
    • April 30th: Battle of Camerone, feat of arms of the Foreign legion
    • May 5th: Bataille of San Pablo LED Assembles.
    • May 8th: Battle of San Lorenzo.
    • May 17th: The Mexican forces with Puebla go to the French troops, with 26 generals, 303 senior officers, 12  000 prisoners and 50 guns.
    • June 7th: The French troops, ordered by the generals Forey and Bazaine enter Mexico City and occupy it to come to assistance of Maximilien.
    • July 16th: The Bazaine general is named commander-in-chief of the task force in Mexico, to replace the Forey general.
  • August 16th: War of restoration in Dominican Republic, which is become again Spanish in 1861 (fine in 1865).

  • Sale of the public grounds to the Mexico. The legal maximum of 2500 ha by holders is raised, letting constitute immense haciendas.

Oceania & the Pacific

  • July 17th: Invasion of the Waikoto (New Zealand). Battles of Meremere (October 31st) and of Rangiriri (November 20th) between Europeans and Maoris.
  • Mars, Australia: A group of Indigenous of the tribe of the Kulin, settles them even in a place baptized “Corranderrk Station” to practice agriculture there. The government ratifies their choice (June 30th) and sends other Aboriginals to settle in this reserve.

Asia & Indian world

  • February: The insurrection in Cochinchine is repressed by the France.
  • April 23rd: The king of the Kampuchea, Norodom Ier, driven out of its country in 1861, sign with the lieutenant Ernest Doudart de Lagrée a treaty by which France establishes from now on a protectorate in Kampuchea.
  • May 26th: The king of Afghanistan Dost Mohammad takes again Herat with the hands of the Perse S since 1856, and constrained the khan with the escape.
  • June 9th: Died with Herat of the emir Dost Mohammad. Fratricidal fights between its sons leave the country in a state of permanent agitation during more than one decade.
  • August 11th: Norodom Ier accepts French protectorate on the Kampuchea. The following year, the king transfers the capital to Phnom Penh.
    • In order to obtain the renunciation of the Siam of its rights on the Kampuchea, France gives up to him the provinces of Battambang and Siem Reap (recovered in 1907).
  • 15 - August 17th, Japan: As the Daimyô of the Satsuma refuses to pay damages for the British subjects assassinated on its grounds, the English start to bombard Kagoshima. Their squadron is dispersed by a typhoon, but the daimyô finally agrees to pay the fine and to punish the murderers.
    • the allied imperial Court with the seigneuriaux clans of South-west seems a national recourse vis-a-vis the political bankruptcy of the shogounat which makes expel the troops of the pro-imperial strongholds of Kyôto. The coastal batteries of Choshu draw on the Western ships (June-July). In reprisals, the Anglo-American forces oblige the stronghold to pay an allowance. The Western ships bombard Shimonoseki (1864).
  • September: Failure of the mission in Paris of the ambassadors of Ass charged to recover the provinces conceded in France in 1862 (Cochinchine).

  • Foundation of the Moslem movement wahhabite in India. Very rigorous, this movement is animated by Sayid Ahmed de Rae Bareli.
  • Indonesia: The Cultuurstelsel is abandoned for the cultures of Girofle and Muscade.
  • China: The British Robert Hart is named director of the Chinese customs (fine in 1908).
  • Korea: Incompetent to control the social crisis, the clan Kim, with the capacity since 1801, is eliminated on order from the queen-mother, Cho.

the Middle East & Arab World

  • January 17th: Died of the viceroy of Egypt Mohammad Sa' id Pasha. Its successor Ismaïl Pasha is confronted with two main issues, the financing of the Suez Canal and the question of the capitulations, whose powers misuse.
  • April 21st: Declaration of Baha' U' llah with Baghdad (Iraq) to be the divine demonstration announced by the Bab.
    • Resurgence of the movement babist: a disciple and wire of Bâb, Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri, proclaims chief of the babists. It founds actually another religion, announcing that the mission of the Mohammed prophet is completed. Very quickly, it gathers as many partisans as his former Master. All are exiled towards Andrinople on order of the shah of Perse.
  • March 17th: The Porte approves the “Armenian national Constitution”, inspired of the French Constitution of 1848. The Armenians are authorized to elect by the vote for all an National Assembly, which indicates the two Councils, laic and ecclesiastical, which joined together under the presidency of the patriarch, train the representative National council. These measurements ensure the Armenians of Constantinople some guarantees, but remain without effects in Anatolia Eastern, where the Armenians are always victims of exactions.

Europe

  • January 22nd: Beginning of a Polish rising crushed by the Russia (fine in 1864) and abolition of the kingdom of Poland (Kingdom of the Congress).
    • the Poles, deprived of army, resort to the guerilla. A revolutionary central committee calls the Rouges (resistant to the Russian occupation) with the insurrection. Its chief, the general Ludwik Mieroslawski, proclaims a provisional national government while the revolt progresses: the Lithuania claims integral part of the revolutionary Poland. The revolt is crushed with the downstream of the European States. The Russia approaches the Prussia but breaks with the France.
  • February 3rd: Battle of Węgrów during the insurrection of Poland.
  • February 8th: Alvensleben convention. The Prussia authorizes the Russia to continue the Polish emigrants on his territory.
  • March 24th: Marco Minghetti becomes president of the Council in Italy.
    • Chief of the right-hand side, it settles with the French government the Roman question. France commits itself pointing out its troops within two year provided that the Italy moves its capital with Florence. The decision is very badly accommodated with Turin where it causes riots. The fight against the “armed robbery” continues to prevail in the South.

  • May 23rd: Foundation with Leipzig of the General association of the German workers ( Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein ). It takes its rise starting from the religious organizations and pursues the goal of the introduction of the universal direct suffrage and a social legislation by legal and peaceful means. Its founder, the lawyer Ferdinand Lassalle, defends the primacy of the political action on the economic combat of the employees.

  • June 30th: Liberal statute of the universities in Russia.

  • July 8th, Russia: Statute of the peasants of the prerogative granting an important batch of ground to them and making the repurchase obligatory.
  • August: François-Joseph Ier of Austria proposes to reinforce the links of the Germanic Confédération by creating an executive directory composed of four members (Prussia, Bavaria and two other states) and chaired by the Austria. It joins together with Frankfurt in August a congress of the princes or Guillaume Ier of Prussia, pushed by Bismarck is voluntarily absent. The reform project is buried (September 1st).
  • October 11th: Liberal government of Mihail Kogalniceanu in Romania. It carries out in a few months the essential reforms: law of secularization of the grounds and the dedicated monasteries (December), creation of a Court of Auditors, law of organization of the army (February 1864), creation of a Council of State.
  • October 31st: Beginning of the reign of Georges of Denmark, king de Grèce (fine in 1913).
  • November 14th: London yields the islands Ioniennes to the Greece. Under British protectorate since 1815, the islands became ungovernable because of an endemic political agitation.
  • November 14th, Spain: Withdrawal of the progressists of the government of liberal union. Isabelle II of Spain tries to restore an absolute capacity constant by moderate, the very unpopular one because of their policy of oppression against the opponents. The generals progressists Serrano and Prim try vainly seven pronunciamientos in four years.
  • November 15th: Beginning of the reign of Christian IX of Denmark (fine in 1906).
  • November 18th: Constitutions of November. The Denmark appendix duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, members of the Germanic Confederation, asserted by the German prince Frederic d' Augustenburg with died of king de Danemark.
  • December 24th: The troops of the Germanic Confédération intervene to support the new duke of the Schleswig-Holstein. Beginning of the War of the Duchies.

  • Bismarck dissolves the Zollverein to oblige its German partners to accept the conditions of the commercial treaty free-Prussian.
  • the Roumanians of Transylvania, who have the relative majority to the Diet of Cluj, obtain a law proclaiming the equal rights. The emperor François-Joseph sanctions it and Rumanian becomes with German and Hungarian language of the administration.
  • Creation of a public secondary education to the Netherlands (law Thorbecke).
  • Russia: Exodus of the peasants towards the Siberia and the cities. Replacement of the system of the farm of alcohols by that of the excise (indirect tax). Downtown, replacement of capitation by a tax on land.
  • Foundation of the independence newspaper Irish The Irish People by the patriot James Stephens.

France

See also: 1863 in France

Chronologies sets of themes

See also: 1863 in science, 1863 in the railroads, 1863 in sport

Arts & culture

See also: 1863 in music, 1863 in literature, 1863 with the theater

  • Art schools:

    • the painter Dominique Ingres painted the Turkish bath .
    • the painter Edouard Manet painted Olympia .
    • Opening of a living room of painters refused by the jury of the living room official: 4  000 fabrics are exposed (Pissarro, Jongkind, Manet, Whistler…).
    • Scandal of the To lunch on the grass of Manet to the living room of Refused.
    • Russia: Resignation of 13 pupils of the school of the fine arts, led by the painter Kramskoï to protest against a too academic subject. Foundation of “the artel of the artists”.

Births in 1863

  • March 12th: Vladimir Vernadsky, Russian geologist

  • July 1st: William Grant Stairs, exploring Canadian of the continent of Africa

  • July 30th: Henry Ford, American car manufacturer

Death in 1863

Beats-smg: 1863 Be-X-old: 1863 Map-bms: 1863 Simple: 1863 Zh-yue: 1863 年

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