1856

This page relates to the year 1856 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Americas

  • May 21st: Bag of Lawrence (Kansas) by theslave ones.
  • May 24th: Resignation of Allan MacNab in front of the antagonism of race and religion enters the Bas and the High-Canada. Beginning of the ministry Stained - Macdonald.
  • Night of the 24 to the May 25th: Massacre of five pro-slave with Pottawatomie by abolitionists directed by John Brown, in reaction to the bag of Lawrence.
  • June 2nd: Battle of Black Jack between pro-slave and free trade to the Kansas.
  • August: Daniel Woodson, the new slave governor of the Kansas, issues the state of war at the time when the opponents at the entry of Kansas in the Union as Slave state start the guerilla.
  • August 30th: Battle of Osawatomie between pro-slave and free trade to the Kansas.
  • October 19th: New constitution with the Peru which causes a civil war (end in 1858).
  • November 4th: Victoire of the democrat James Buchanan with the presidential elections with the the United States.

  • Décision by a vote of 62 against 51 that Quebec is the permanent capital of the Canada starting from 1859.
  • Adoption of the principle of the election to the recruitment of the Legislative council to the Canada.
  • Treated “of friendship, trade and co-operation” between the Brazil and the Argentinian .

Oceania

  • June 8th, Australia: 194 inhabitants of Pitcairn, descendants of mutinés of the Bounty accost with Norfolk.
    • the deportation of convicts towards Norfolk is suspended: the breeding attracts free colonists in so great number which the Australian colonies claim the stop of the deportations.

Africa

  • January 7th: End of the presidency of Joseph Jenkins Roberts, the first president of Liberia.
  • April - May: Prophecy of an young girl Xhosa sixteen years, Nongqause, which states to have had visions and to be in charge of a message of emancipation. Invincible troops come from beyond the seas would come soon to help Xhosa to drive out the British. The voices also order not to cultivate the ground more, to destroy harvests, to kill and eat the cattle. Its prophecy expresses the rumors caused by the Crimean War in 1854 which makes think of Xhosa that the Russians will help them to fight the British. Xhosa cut down 150  000 with 400  000 heads of cattle. The consecutive famine causes the death of 20  000 with 30  000 people; 30  000 others are reduced to the begging. On a population of 100  000 with 150  000, there remain only 30  000 survivors on the grounds xhosa. The white colonists occupy the released grounds and employ the stockbreeders xhosa, ruined and resigned.

  • El Hadj Omar appendix the Royaume will bambara of Kaarta. It represses the revolts severely.
  • Extension of British protectorate in Gold Coast to the Akwapim, Krobo and Krepi.
  • Treated between the British and kings Bell and Akwa to install a court of equity to Duala, the Cameroun.
  • Forwardings of Of Chaillu to the Gabon and until the sources of the Ogooué (fine in 1865).
  • Beginning of the reign of Msiri (1830 - 1891), mwami (king) of the Garaganza (fine in 1880).
    • the chief Nyamwezi Msiri conquers an empire with the Katanga, either by princely marriages, or by tender or wars of conquest, which take the name of Garaganza. It installs its capital with Bunkeya from where it organizes the administrative and economic structure of its States by instituting violence like permanent mode of resolution of the conflicts.
  • Expelled of Madagascar in 1828 by the queen Ranavalona I {{Re}}, the British start to be reinstalled there.
    • the competition with the French develop, and the British succeed, after having made them show plot against the queen, to make expel their rivals for a short period.

Eastern Africa

  • October 19th: The sultan of Mascate Seyyd Saïd ibn Sultan dies at sea in the return of a two years stay to Mascate. The war of succession which opposes its sons weakens its empire. Thuwaini ibn Said goes up on the throne of Mascate, but his/her two brothers, Bargach and Madjid dispute during three years the throne of Zanzibar.
  • October: Mutesa east chooses by the katikiro (principal Minister) with the detriment of his/her Kiyimba brother as king ( kabaka ) of the Bouganda (fine in 1884). Disputed as of its election, it spends six years to eliminate the dissatisfied ones.
    • Under the reign of Mutesa, which succeeds his/her father Souna II, the first Protestant missionaries settle with the Bouganda (1877).

  • a caravan of merchants arabo-swahilis leads a direct forwarding of Mombasa to the country Kikuyu, thus breaking the monopoly of the brokers Kamba with the Kenya.
  • the Khedive of Egypt Mohammad Sa' id Pasha pays a visit with the Sudan in company of Ferdinand de Lesseps. It decides to preserve the province received in life annuity and endeavors to entrust management of it to qualified administrators. It orders in particular a reform of the administration and taxation. In addition, it institutes in Egypt an obligatory system of conscription and one unlimited period a military service.
  • the Négus of Ethiopia Théodoros II proposes a reform of the Church comprising a reduction of the number of clerk and the secularization of part of its goods. In front of the resistance of the priests, it unilaterally decides to confiscate the grounds of the Church in 1860. The events and its death prevent it from applying its reform.

the Maghreb

  • September 16th: Friendship and peace treaty enters the Morocco and the the United States signed to Meknès.
  • In September, the French government persuades celebrates it magician Jean Eugene Robert-Houdin to leave his retirement in order to help it to put a term at the tribal revolts directed against the colonial government of France in Algérie. France wants a magician, because the aforementioned revolts were carried out by magicians (marabout S).
  • October 28th: An about sixty Algerian chiefs of tribe gathered with the theater Bab Azoun of Algiers to attend the spectacle of Robert-Houdin. Terrorized by its art, the chiefs of tribe flee the theater.
  • October 31st: About thirty the Algerian tribal chiefs most powerful offer to Robert-Houdin a enluminé manuscript renting his art and promising their indéfectible allegiance in France.
  • December 9th: Commercial treaty enters the Morocco and the Great Britain, result of the diplomatic work of the British consul near the sultan since 1844, Drummond-Hax. The English obtain privileges.

  • the brotherhood of the Senousis establishes its capital with Jaghbub, with crossed caravan roads of the Sudan, of Nubie, Cyrénaïque and Egypt (1856 - 1895).

The Middle East

  • January 5th: The viceroy of Egypt Ismaïl Pasha sign the act of concession authorizing his/her friend Ferdinand de Lesseps to bore the Suez Canal. The British are furious.
  • October 25th: The troops Perse S seize Herat.
  • November 1st: The Great Britain declares at once the war with the Perse (fine in 1857). The shah, who receives neither the support of the population, nor that of the monks, is constrained to negotiate.

  • After a long , war of succession Thoueïn, oldest son of Seyyid Saïd goes up on the throne of Mascate. Sélim will kill his/her Thoueïn father to seize the power in 1866.
  • Tension enters the sultan of Mascate and the shah of Persia. Benefitting from the displacement of the Omani court with Zanzibar, Persians had taken the control of the main ports of the Persian Gulf. A British mediation avoids the conflict and leads to a peace treaty.

Asia and Indian world

India

  • February 13rd: The Britanniques annex the Aoudh, putting fine at the corrupt practice of the tribal chief Ali Chah. Aoudh provides an important quota to the army of the Bengal.
  • Measurement putting an end to the privilege sepoys (Cipayes) of the army of the Bengal which exempted them overseas service, allowing them to avoid violating a religious interdict.
  • Introduction of the rifle Lee-Enfield whose packing of the cartridges must be torn with the teeth, which causes a contact with the grease of cow (sacrilege for the Hindus) or of pig.

China

  • February 29th, in the Guangxi, the French missionary (holy) Auguste Chapdelaine (forty-two years), dies martyr under torture, with a group of Christians whom he had baptized.
  • Revolt of the Moslems of the Yunnan (fine in 1873).
  • Advance of the rebellious Taiping towards the Sichuan (1856-1863). In the Jiangxi, Taiping make reign an egalitarian order, prohibit slavery, the play and the Opium, and start a hunting the abroads and for the Mandchous. They alienate the support of the intellectual elite by rejecting the Confucianisme. The Taiping chiefs entredéchirent themselves. Bloody purgings weaken the Kingdom of heaven in September.
  • October 8th: The Chinese navy hails the Arrow , a building pirates charged with Opium. By provocation, the British assert the ship and show China of abuse of power. London obtains supports it France, Russia and of the United States. The United Kingdom and France exert a military pressure on the north of China.
  • Following the incident of the Arrow (name of jonque hailed by the Chinese authorities, although it beat British house), beginning of the Second war of opium (fine in 1860).

Europe

  • January 18th: End of the Crimean War against Russia.
  • February 25th: Opening between all the belligerents of the Crimean War of the Conference of Paris enclosing the Crimean War (fine the April 8th).
  • March 30th: Treaty of Paris between Russia and the Ottoman Empire imposed by the western powers.
    • It marks the end of the Crimean War, breaks the insulation of France, places the Ottoman Empire under the guarantee of the European powers, and neutralizes the Black Sea and the Détroits.
    • Prohibition with the Russians to preserve a fleet in Black Sea and bases on its coasts.
    • the Moldavie and the Valachie are replaced under Othoman suzerainty (the Austrians evacuate them in the year).
    • the south of the Bessarabia is yielded to the Moldavie by the Russians.
    • navigation on the Danube is internationalized and controlled by a “European commission of the sitting Danube” with Galatz.
    • Charles XV of Sweden obtains the demilitarization of the islands Åland by the Russia.
  • April 8th: Enclose Congress of Paris. Napoleon III turns towards liberal Great Britain and the Piedmont whose minister Camillo Cavour is the carry-flag of the national ambitions of the Risorgimento, ambitions which it expresses at the time of the closing session of the congress by raising the Italian question.
  • April 16th: international Declaration prohibiting the Race (official piracy). The France, the the United Kingdom, the Russia, the Prussia, the Austria, the Sardinia and the Turkey, at this meeting in Paris, at sea sign a declaration of abolition of the “race” (corsairs).
  • July 14th: In Spain, the capacity passes to a liberal coalition between moderated and progressists (1856 - 1863). True political truce, it allows an economic re-establishment and starts of an ambitious foreign politics. Leopoldo O'Donnell, Prime Minister.
  • September 2nd: Royalist coup d'etat in Swiss against the republicans with Neufchâtel. Its failure involves the rupture of the relations helvético-Prussians (the vassal canton of the king of Prussia is republican).
  • October: Rupture of the diplomatic relations of the Kingdom of Deux-Siciles with the France and the the United Kingdom. The two powers sanction Ferdinand II of Deux-Siciles which did not take account of the remonstrances on its methods of government.

  • the United Kingdom: Law on the police force of the counties and the cities, organizing a professional body of police force.

France

See also: 1856 in France

Russia

  • country Risings (80 per annum on average between 1855 and 1861). Discusses on serfdom, multiplication of the projects (Kaveline, Kochelev, Samarine). Discussions taken again by the press ( the Contemporary ) and the publications of Herzen to London.

  • April 11th: The tsar decides for a reform of serfdom. He also intends to reform the local government, justice, teaching and the army.

  • May: Amnesties several thousands of Poles off-set in Siberia.

  • Easing of discriminatory measurements against the Jewish : abolition of the mobilization of Jewish children, exemption from the obligation of residence in the Western provinces.

  • Constitution with Saint-Pétersbourg of a committee of help to the Slavic . The Russia, after its retreat in the Balkans the shortly after the Crimean War, intends to follow a policy more active panslavist to develop the national feeling in Austria - Hungary and in the Ottoman Empire.
  • Beginning of the wars of the Caucasus (fine in 1859).

Chronologies sets of themes

See also: 1856 in science, 1856 in the railroads, 1856 in sport

Art & culture

See also: 1856 in music, 1856 in literature, 1856 with the theater

Economy & Company

  • the Crimean War is at the origin of a considerable rise of the Canadian provinces. The price of corn doubled while the value of the grounds increases. The campaigns become populated quickly. The abundance of work attracts waves of emigrants: 57  000 in 1857. The cities increase and of many manufactures settle.
  • the two principal innovators of the Sewing machine, Elias Howe and Isaac Singer, found their own factory. In fifteen years, the machine stock to be sewn will reach 700  000 with the the United States.
  • Law on the business firms in France.
  • Law on the public limit companies in the United Kingdom.
  • the United Kingdom: Thomas Burberry, 21 years old, opens its first shop of clothing with Basingstoke in the Hampshire

Births in 1856

Death in 1856

Be-X-old: 1856 Map-bms: 1856 Simple: 1856 Zh-yue: 1856 年

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