This page relates to the year 1846 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Africa

  • Beginning of the reign of Abd el-Kader, successor of Ousmane Bourkoumanda, mbang of the Baguirmi (fine in 1858). He endeavors without success to release Baguirmi of the tribute poured with the Ouadaï.
  • Beginning of the reign of Omar, sultan of the Bornou (death in 1881).
    • the sultan of the Ouadaï, Mohammed Sherif, invades the Bornou to support its legitimate sovereign, Ibrahim, sultan of Gasr Eggomo. Beaten with Kousseri, Omar, wire of El-Kanemi, must buy its withdrawal. Its capital, Kouka, are plundered.
    • As soon as the troops of Ouadaï were withdrawn, Omar tackles the Ibrahim sultan and the fact of carrying out. He is then proclaimed sultan and Kouba becomes the capital of Bornou.
    • Bornou becomes again a prosperous and powerful State. Several German explorers (Barth, Overweg, Vogel, Rohlfs and Nachtigal) are received with Kouka.
  • Compromised

    arbitrated by the British between the king of the Sotho Moschech and the Boers, which obtain grounds evacuated by Sotho in exchange of the recognition of the authority of Moschech, the payment of a tax of exploitation and renunciation of other grounds.

  • Début of the crossing by the British explorer David Livingstone of the African continent of west in is (fine in 1854).
  • the ports of Massaoua and Souakin in Ethiopia are rented by the Turkey with Mohammed Ali, lease renewed in 1856.

  • Muhammad ibn 'Ali Al-Sanusi, after having founded the Zawiya of El-Bayda, in Tripolitaine, goes to Mecque for a second stay (1846 - 1853). Convinced of the religious and intellectual rebirth appropriateness, it poses the problem of the relation between Islam and Western modernity.

America

  • January 5th: Annexation of the Oregon by the the United States (712  500 km ²).
  • February: Failure of the mission of negotiation of purchase of the Texas, the California and the New Mexico to the Mexican government by the the United States.
  • Mars: The troops of the general étasunien Taylor go of Corpus Christi to the mouth of the Río Grande which they reach the March 28th.
    • Mexico, which locates the border at the river Nueces, in the North-East of Río Grande, regards the progression of Taylor as an act of aggression and in April makes cross the Río Grande to its troops. James Knox Polk judge also that the Mexican advance is an invasion of the American ground.
  • April 25th: Incidents burst with the Mexican troops, causing the death of 16 American soldiers.
  • 3 - May 9th: Head office of Strong Texas.
  • May 12th: War between Mexico and the United States started by the allowances which claim with the Mexican government of the American citizens and the desire of the United States to acquire the California (fine in 1848). The Congress authorizes the lifting of 50  000 men and a credit of 10 million dollars (174 votes against 14).
  • May 8th: Taylor gains the Bataille of Palo Alto.
  • May 9th: Taylor gains the Bataille of Resaca of Palma and drives back the Mexicans beyond the Río Grande.
  • May 18th: Taylor crosses the Río Grande and occupies Matamoros. It moves towards the south. During the summer, the volunteers devote themselves to exactions and rapes against the population.
  • June 14th: The American colonists assemble a Coup d'etat to Sonoma. The République of California is proclaimed, under the direction of the rear-admiral of the American marine John Drake Sloat and of the captain John C. Frémont of the American army, announcing its independence with respect to Mexico.
  • June 15th: The Traité of Oregon establishes the border between the Canada and the the United States with the parallel 49e.
  • June 25th: Sugar Duties Act, decree of the the United Kingdom involving a need increased for labor slave in the plantations of the South of the the United States and for Cuba.
  • July 7th: Occupation of the California by the the United States with the detriment of the Mexico.
  • August:
    • the troops of the general Stephen Kearny enter without engagements to Santa Fe, with the New Mexico.
    • the Room adopts the amendment prohibiting slavery in the territories which will be acquired on the Mexico.
  • 21 - September 24th: Battle of Monterrey. Taylor takes Monterrey (Mexico).
  • September: The Mexicans raise themselves with Los Angeles and force the American garrison of the city to go. The general Stephen Kearny arrives in reinforcement and takes again the city in January 1847 after a bloody battle.
  • November: Treaty enters the Navajo and the government of the the United States.
  • December: The Mexicans revolt against the American domination with Taos (New Mexico). The revolt is repressed.
  • December 28th: the Iowa becomes the 29e State of the Union améicaine.

  • Revolt of the liberal caudillos to the Venezuela, which gathers péons, of the slaves and of freed against the agricultural legislation (law of credit prejudicial to the growers and repressive regulation of work), and against the establishment of the great private property and the national authority on the plains. Rising will be crushed in 1847.
  • Arrived of immigrants étasuniens in California.

See also: américano-Mexican War

Asia

  • January 29th: The fathers French lazarists Évariste Huc and Joseph Gabet, disguised spangled some Chinese, reach Lhassa with the Tibet after almost two years of voyage through the China, the Gobi Desert , the Mongolia and Tibet of the North-East. They are finally expelled.
  • February 10th: The Sikhs are overcome with Bataille of Sobraon, on the river Sutlej. The British occupy Lahore and annex the territories in the east of Sutlej, and the districts of the mountains.
  • February 20th: Edict of tolerance in favor of the Christianity in China obtained by plenipotentiary French Lagrené.
  • March 16th: The British sell the Cachemire for a million £ to an officer sikh, Goulab Singh.
  • November 17th: Pagan Min succeeds his/her father Tharrawaddy Min like king de Birmanie.

  • China: Exploiting the hostility of much Chinese of the South towards the military Manchu dynasty and defeats, a visionary of the name of Hong Xiuquan rejoins the dissatisfied ones. Extremely of its contacts with the missionaries, he preaches a new religion, mixes Confucianisme and loans with the Bible.
  • Nepal: Jang Bahadur, a military chief probritannic, of the family of the Rânâ, takes the control of the government. The function of Prime Minister becomes hereditary, the king having increasingly limited prerogatives. Rana follow a policy constantly favorable to the British, in favor which they will give an opinion during the Indian revolt of 1857 with 1859 and during the two world wars.
  • Russian Domination on the Kazakhstan.

Japan

  • After the refusal of the Shogun opposed to the proposals of king de Hollande to open the archipelago with the trade, the pressure increases on the Japanese and Korean coasts. Western ships of trade and war cross with broad, maintaining concern.
  • Intervention of French ships in the islands Ryūkyū to establish commercial relations. The Daimyo of Satsuma (prefecture of Kagoshima) decides to open its stronghold with the outside world without the assent of the shogun.
  • the former minister Mizuno Tadakuni must give up exerting any load of daimyo following the accusations of corruption carried against its subordinates.

The Middle East

  • Persian: Revolt of the governor of the Khorasan Salâr Al-Dawla, against the more strict control measures of the central authorities with respect to the provinces. These practices run up against the multiplication of the attempts at autonomy of the rural lords.

Europe

  • February 11th - April 5th, Spain: Failure of Narvaez, which is exiled in France.

  • February 22nd: Beginning of a new insurrection in Poland.
  • February 25th: New statute of the cities in Russia, due to Milioutine, little applied.
  • March 13rd: Incidental Ballinglass . Eviction of Irish villager during the Great famine in Ireland (1845-1849).
  • Mars: Rising of Cracow.
  • April 20th - May 20th: Revolt “ Maria da Fonte ” with the Portugal, not easily repressed by Jose Cabral.
  • June 1st: Died of the pope Gregoire XVI.
  • June 16th: The Mastai-Ferretti cardinal is elected pope under the name of Pie IX.
  • July 17th: Beginning of the Pontificate of Black and white IX (fine in 1878).
      • Black and white
    • IX amnesty all the political prisoners, establishes a Consulta charged to transmit to the pope the wishes population, names commissions to revise the laws. He makes build a Railroad and restore public lighting. A movement of reforms is launched.
  • June 25th, the United Kingdom: Abolition of the protectionist laws on the corn ( Anti Corn Law League ) by Robert Peel, thanks to the crusade carried out by Richard Cobden. Protectionism is abolished with the the United Kingdom and the importation of corn becomes free. The Sugar Duties Act removes the monopoly of the the British Antilles on the Sucre and massively lowers the rights on sugars coming from the slave countries.
  • June 29th: Disraeli causes the fall of preserving the Prime Minister to sir Robert Peel by being opposed to its free-trade policy. Beginning of the ministry whig of Lord John Russell, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (fine in 1852). Return of Palmerston to the foreign affairs (Foreign Office).
  • September 14th: Proclamation of Charles of Bourbon to Bourges. Beginning of the second war carlist (1846 - 1849): rising with the Basque Country and in Catalogne leads by the second gift Carlos, Charles VI Louis, oldest son of the first.
  • October 6th:
    • Failure of the Polish free Republic. Rising, party of Poland of the South and Galicie, is victim of its unpreparedness. Seule Cracow gives itself a national government, but the Austrian troops annex the city with the support of Russia, in spite of the opposition of London and Paris.
    • Portugal: The queen returns the septembrist Cabral (May 17th) and calls the chartist Saldanha. The opposition takes the weapons but is crushed to Oporto by the British and the Spaniards.
  • October 10th: With Madrid, the queen Isabelle II wife her cousin François d' Assise Bourbon, duke of Cadiz, while his sister marries the duke of Montpensier, youngest child of wire of Louis-Philippe I {{er}}, king of the French.
  • November 9th: The Encyclical Which Plurimus condemns the Libéralisme.
  • November 16th: The Austria appendix the free City of Cracow.

  • Great famine in Ireland : the disappearance of the Potato (nearly exclusive food of the majority of the Irishmen of the time), due to a disease come from the the United States, causes the greatest famine known in Europe (1846 - 1847), and the beginning of a vast wave of emigration. More than one million victims.
  • Program for an national opinion , of Massimo d' Azeglio which proposes concrete measures to prepare a Italian federation: modernization of the codes, unification of the weights and measures, law on the press, common military system, election of town councils and provincial. It envisages a necessary military preparation to drive out the Austrians.
  • Foundation with Kiev of the Brotherhood of Cyrille and Method, which recommends the abolition of the Servage and a Slavic federalism giving a place to the Ukraine. Its members, whose poet Chevtchenko and historian Kostomarov are stopped as of the April 5th 1847.
  • Letters on the Baltic provinces , manuscript of Samarine denouncing the German influence on the administration.

France

See also: 1846 in France

  • April 14th: Visit with Toulon large-duke Constantin, second wire of the emperor of Russia Nicolas I {{er}}.

  • May 25th: Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte escapes from the Fort of Ham (Somme), disguised as a workman.
  • July 6th: Dissolution of the House of Commons and convocation of the voters for.
  • : Legislative elections which give a broad victory to the conservatives. The preserving center with the capacity gains the legislative ones with 290 seats. The liberals obtain 140 seats, extremes 28.

Chronologies sets of themes

Art & culture

See also: 1846 in music, 1846 in literature, 1846 with the theater

  • the French artist Honore Daumier composes his engraving Our good middle-class men .

Sports

  • June 19th: First match of Baseball in the United States. The New York Base-Ball Club beats the Knickerbockers 23 to 1. This match founds in fact baseball which is distinguished from now on clearly from its ascending such cricket or the rounders.
  • Foundation of the professional club of Cricket English: “ The All England ”. This formation carries out rounds which make much for the popularization of the play.
  • First competition of Swimming in Australia. W. Redman gains the long test 1440 yards in 8 minutes and 43 seconds.

Science and technology

See also: 1846 in science

Economy & Company

Europe

  • Economic crisis in Europe due to bad harvests (turbid agrarian in Galicie and Bohemia). Famine in Ireland.
  • Abolition of the “Corn Laws” in Great Britain: increase in the Russian imports of grains.
  • Company of manufactures of Hübner Indians to Moscow.
  • “ Of the railroads in Italy ”, article of Camillo Cavour showing the importance of economic development to induce the political development.
  • Census in Hungary: the population (Croatia and Slavonia not included/understood) includes/understands 5  380  000 Magyar Hungarians, 2  670  000 Roumanians, 1  850  000 Slovak, 1  480  000 Germans, 1  030  000 Serb and 480  000 Ruthènes.

Africa

  • the Sugar Duties Act involves a recrudescence of the draft and the depopulation of the African continent.
  • the British introduce the principle of the free trade by abolishing the Act of Navigation (Gold Coast, Sierra Leone, is delta of the Niger).
  • Sharp decline of exports to Western Europe following the economic crisis of the years 1846 - 1849. Their growth takes again starting from 1854.
  • commercial Recession with Saint-Louis of Senegal, related on economic stagnation in France, on the emancipation of the slaves, the weakness of financial means granted by the metropolis and to the awkwardness of the local central capacity. The crisis, which is worsening in the five following years, involves at once a massive debt of treating European, as well as the rise of a tension between the two racial communities.

Births in 1846

Death in 1846

Beats-smg: 1846 Be-X-old: 1846 Map-bms: 1846 Simple: 1846 Zh-yue: 1846 年

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