1815

This page relates to the year 1815 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Africa

  • February 8th: Prohibition of the trade of the slaves by the joined together European powers with Vienna thanks to the intervention of Castlereagh. The warships French and British are authorized to intercept the suspect ships, to control them and judge and condemn, for piracy, the crews of the slave ships. The draft persists however.
  • April 6th: The British reassign the island Bourbon in France.

  • With died of the king Naba Sagha Ier, the kingdom of Ouagadougou knows bloody dynastic conflicts, the rule of succession of the father to the son substituent with the habit of devolution in favor of a brother.
  • Turbid in several provinces of the Empire of Sokoto. The Haoussa, encouraged by the Tuareg of the Air and by the sovereign of the Kanem and the Bornou, reject the Islam. Mohammed Bello restores the calm one.

Americas

North America

  • January 5th: Convention of Hartford to the the United States; the delegates of the States propose constitutional amendments: loads of taxes and representation proportional to the population of each States, nonrenewable presidential mandate.
  • January 8th: Battle of New-Orleans, victory of the Americans over the British (the signature of the Treated of Ghent not being yet known on the other side of the Atlantic).
  • January 21st: Louis-Joseph Papineau becomes president of the legislative Parliament of the Low-Canada. It engages the nationalist fight on the constitutional ground. The Parliament runs up against the executive power.
  • June, Canada: First aggression of the Wood-Flarings against the colonists of Assiniboia on the Red River. The colonists must give up their batches temporarily. They will be again driven out by it in June 1816 by the mongrels directed by Cuthbert Grand. Twenty-two colonists are massacred.

  • Agreement between the US government and the Indians, who obtain the right to exploit the current territories of the Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Wyoming, Montana and Dakota.
  • Construction of the first military vapor, the WORN Fulton .

Latin America

  • January 10th: Victoire of the freedom fighters to the Battle of Guayabos in Uruguay.
  • June 18th: The colonel Boyer de Peyreleau makes the very same day proclaim the imperial government with the Guadeloupe of Waterloo. He will be condemned to death.
  • December 22nd: Jose Maria Morelos there Pavon, généralissime of the insurgent forces of the Mexican revolution of 1810 after the death of Miguel Hidalgo Costilla is shot there with San Cristobal Ecatepec. The Spaniards, supported by the criollos (creole), complete the reconquest of the country.
  • December 16th: The Portugal gives its independence to the kingdom of the Brésil (1815 - 1822). It preserves until in 1832 the monopolies of wood-Brazil and diamond.

Asia

  • February 18th: The Britanniques demolish the king of Kandy to Ceylon, weakens by the sling of a fraction of the aristocracy against the monarchy passed to the hands of a dynasty originating in the south of India. They seize the island after the signature of the convention of Kandy, the March 2nd (fine in 1816).
  • 5 - April 10th: Volcanic eruption of the volcano Tambora, of the island of Sumbawa in Indonesia, 90% of the population of the island dies (more 50  000 dead). The eruption causes climatic anomalies all around the world. The volcano projects a great quantity of ashes in the atmosphere, which causes a fall of temperature and poor harvests in 1816. In New England, this year is known like the year without summer. 200  000 victims of the hunger in Europe.
    • It is the most gigantic known eruption which made approximately 120  000 victim on the spot. Ashes were projected with nearly 44 km of altitude in stratosphere (See work of the American climatologist Michael Chenoweth and the Icelandic volcanologist Haraldur Sigurðsson).

  • China: The government publishes payments authorizing the civils servant to go to edge foreign ships to seek the Opium there. The smuggling and the corruption of the administrators make it possible to the British to continue their trade.

The Middle East & Arab World

  • Persian: The shah prepares an incursion into the Othoman provinces. Encouraged by the Russians and having lost any hope of expansion towards north, it is turned again in direction of the Ottoman Empire.
  • Arabia: Méhémet constrained Ali the Wahhabites with peace.

The Maghreb

  • April 11th: Omar Aga, Dey d' Alger.
    • the the United States obtain a commercial treaty after having made bombard Algiers by their fleet. A little later French and British try a peaceful step near the Dey d' Alger so that it removes piracy, but this embassy is a failure.

  • the Congrès of Vienna prohibits the race.
  • Died with Fès of Abdul Abbas Ahmed el-Tijânî, founder of the brotherhood of the Tijânî, represented in North Africa like in the south of the Sahara. The installation of the brotherhood with Fès had been encouraged by the sultan Mulay Slimane. Anxious to reduce the influence of the other brotherhoods, this last is opposed to the marabouts and sends a forwarding in the area of the Haouz against Zawiyya Cherrada. The tijânî meet the sympathy of the middle-class and the makhzen (government).

Europe

France

See also: 1815 in France

Poland/Russia

  • May 3rd: free City of Cracow.
  • June 4th: Interview with Heilbronn between Alexandre Ier of Russia and Barbara de Krüdener, the “mystical baroness”.
  • June 9th:
    • the Congress of Vienna, enclosed the June 9th (May 28th of the Calendar Julien ), concedes with the tsar most of the Polish territories, the Finland and the Bessarabia.
    • Constantin, brother of the tsar, becomes viceroy of Poland.
    • the Prussia creates the Grand-duché of Posen, autonomous territory managed by a viceroy, the prince Anton Radziwiłł, assisted of a governor. The Code Napoleon is replaced there by the Prussian right. A provincial diet ( Landstag ) is elected by the indirect suffrage, which gives a majority to the Poles. Into Prussia-Western, the Poles, who represent from 40% to 50% of the population, do not have any special right. The germanisation is carried out by the means of the administration and the property of the ground, the Polish fields passing in German hands.
  • July 30th: Departure of Kronstadt for the Peaceful of the forwarding of Otto von Kotzebue on the Riourik .
  • November 15th: Alexandre Ier of Russia grants to the new kingdom Poland a liberal constitution developped at the point by Czartoryski. The kingdom of Poland is bound by a personal union to the Russian empire. It has of an elected diet, a government and an army.
  • December 9th: Józef Zajączek is named governor of the Royaume of the Congress.

  • Araktcheïev occupies the front of the political scene in Russia. Konovnitsyne becomes Minister for the War (fine in 1819).
  • Turbid peasants in the provinces of Poltava, Koursk and Orenburg.
  • 30  000 Russian soldiers on 150  000 occupants in France.

Arts & cultures

See also: 1815 in music, 1815 in literature, 1815 with the theater

  • Creation of the Polytechnic school of Vienna directed until in 1850 by Jean-Joseph von Prechtl.

  • Exile of David in Belgium after the Hundred Days.

  • Beginning of the realization of the Royal Pavilion of Brighton by John Nash (fine in 1823).

Sciences and technology

See also: 1815 in science

Economy & Company

Americas

  • the High-Canada account 80  000 inhabitants. Its population increases considerably by the contribution of emigrant come from the United States and the metropolis and passes to more 210  000 in 1830 and with more 340  000 in 1835.
  • exports of the the United States towards the the United Kingdom undergo a considerable fall due at the end of the war in Europe. Between 1814 and 1816, the prices drop by 25%.

the United Kingdom

  • 1,5 million hectares were touched by the Enclosure S since the 16th century.

  • the expenditure of war led the government to give a course forced to the tickets issued by the bank of England (27 million £ of 1792 at 1815) and the local banks, the Country Banks (30 million). The coin and thesaurized, and the currency-ticket circulates, and like it does not cease increasing in volume, it produces an effect of rise of the prices. With peace, confidence in this currency decreases, whereas the bear speculation breaks out.

  • the economist David Ricardo exposes a theory of the economic Libéralisme in its principles of the political economy and the tax .

Italy

  • the government of the kingdom of Lombardy-Venezia combines absolutist leaders with a more moderate administration which entrusts responsibilities to the productive classes, landowners and commercial. This administration and the legal and land structures are inherited the Napoleonean period. The relations with the Church are marked by a strong control of the State (nomination of the bishops by the Emperor and confirmation of the sale of the ecclesiastical goods). The obligatory military service is maintained, spending four years to eight years. The commercial relations with France and the rest of the world undergo a crushing argument by a new tariff putting the economy at the service of Austria.
  • In the duchy of Parma, Marie-Louise of Austria, assisted of the general Adam Albert de Neipperg maintains the legislation Napoleonean except for a new civil code. It does not make any concession with the Church and the clergy, sticking to the terms of the Concordat. It supports the instruction and the economy.
  • the Grand Duchy of Toscane returns to the code léopoldin of the 18th century, by maintaining its improvements (abolition of the strongholds and trusts, institution of the register and the commercial law, law on the mortgages). The Jésuites are not authorized to return, the ecclesiastical sale of the goods is confirmed, the freedom of trade is restored and it police force is less severe than in the other States.
  • In the remainder of the Italian States, the sovereigns have a will reactionary. With Naples, Metternich and the British must intervene to prevent Ferdinand Ier of Naples from not launching out in a bloody purification. It grants the amnesty of bad grace, confirms the transfer of ecclesiastical goods as well as the titles granted by Murat, guarantees the access to all to the public office. It dismantles feudalism (suppression of trusts and the rights of use of communal). The taxation is balanced and bearable for the populations, but the State ignores the regulation of the public expenditure and the development of the trade. It must agree of the customs advantages with the the United Kingdom and France, causing the dissatisfaction with the landowners.
  • In the Papal States, all the French legislation is abolished of a blow. The old ecclesiastical courts are reconstituted and revise the lawsuits educated under Napoleon. Feudal justice, the Enquiry, the the Holy Office and the state monopoly on the food products are restored. The French innovations are gummed: the civil statue, the Vaccinates, public lighting. The Juifs regain their ghettos.
  • With Modena, the Napoleonean legislation is abolished and the administration purified with the profit of the nobility legitimist. The public purses become again personal finances of the sovereign, the Jesuits and the religious orders are restored.
  • With the Piedmont, the Napoleonean codes are replaced by the old legislation. The Juifs regain their ghettos, the Vaudois are again the object of vexation, those which collaborated with the French are distant from all responsibilities. Industrial corporations and privileges are restored. The ecclesiastical sale of the goods is confirmed, the religious orders are restored and the Jésuites are seen entrusting teaching and the censure.

Poland/Russia

  • the Grand Duchy of Posen account 776  000 inhabitants for 29  000 km ². The kingdom of Galicie 3,5 million inhabitants for 77  000 km ². The republic of Cracow 88  000 inhabitants and 1  164 km ². The kingdom of Poland 120  000 km ² and 3,3 million inhabitants.
  • the Congrès of Vienna envisages the freedom of trade and navigation between the Polish territories divided between the various nations.
  • Industrialization of the area of Saint-Pétersbourg.
  • Construction of the first Russian Steamer.

Births in 1815

Death in 1815

* October 13rd: Joachim Murat, Marshal of France.

Beats-smg: 1815 Be-X-old: 1815 Map-bms: 1815 Simple: 1815 Zh-yue: 1815 年

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