1808

This page relates to the year 1808 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Africa

Current island of the Meeting, the Bonaparte island undergoes a British Blocus.

the Sierra Leone becomes the first British colony in Black Africa.
the influence of Peuls of Bubakar Ludduji (called Lamido zarma, chief of the country Zarma) which represents as major political clout in the Dallol Bosso is stopped by Issa Korombe in 1808.
the the United Kingdom maintains a squadron off the coasts of Western Africa against the Traite Blacks. Of two ships in 1808, it reaches a maximum of 30 in the middle of the century.

Usman daN Fodio seizes Alkalawa, the capital of the Gober.
the Peul S of Usman daN Fodio invade the Bornou. They are driven out in 1810 by the monk Mohamed El-Kanemi who restores his relative, Ahmed, king of Bornou, on his throne with Gasr Eggomo.

Americas

January 1st: The importation of Esclave S with the the United States is prohibited.
May 28th, Canada: Beginning of the forwarding of Simon Fraser towards the Pacific by the river which carries its name.
September 15th: The viceroy of the Mexico Jose de Iturrigaray is deposited by the royalists originating in the metropolis, who claim themselves of the junta of Spain, opposed to the Creoles who claim independence.
November 7th: Battle of Palo Hincado to Santo Domingo. The Dominican emigrants with Puerto Rico drive out the French who had been maintained in the Spanish part of the island after their defeat with Haiti.

Beginning of the wars of independence in the Central America and of the South (fine in 1825).

Brazil

January 24th: The king Jean VI of Portugal arrives at transporting Bahia with a fleet of 20 ships from 10000 to 15000 people.
the March 7th, the king arrives at Rio de Janeiro. Its arrival unchains enthusiasm. It abolishes the mode of the monopoly and proclaims the freedom of trade.

Organization of the government in Rio: the count Back Arcos (former viceroy), the Count de Barca (diplomatic), Rodrigo de Sousa Coutinho, count de Linhares, Foreign Minister

October 12th: Creation of the Bank of Brazil by Rodrigo de Sousa Coutinho, count de Linhares. It will disappear in 1829.
Law of the November 25th: The Brésil opens the abroads.

has Bahia, on the council of the economist Jose da Silva Lisboa, future Viscount of Cairu, the king opens Brazil with the foreign trade. It creates a medical school and of surgery.
the king equips Rio from institution scientists and artistic: Medical school and of surgery, College of Arts, royal Library, royal Printing works, astronomical Observatory, military academy, files soldier with a map library.

Asia

January 1st: Hermann Willem Daendels is named governor of Batavia (fine in 1810).

Daendels, “patriot” rejoined with the king Louis Bonaparte, arrives at Batavia whereas the economy is flourishing but the peasants are in misery; the trade is still active but with the hands from abroad; the civils servant kept the old practices of the Company of the Indies; the British threat weighs on the island and the local princes await only one occasion to revolt. It proceeds to important reforms: all the civils servant receive a row in the military hierarchy and suitable wages. The indigenous princes (“regents”) lose any autonomy and are nothing any more but representatives of the Dutch State. Daendels envisages a justice for Indonésiens returned by the courts made up of Indonésiens according to the habits of Java. The foreigners (European, Chinese, Arab and Indonésiens nonJavanese) will concern the courts of justice Batavia, Semarang and Surabaya according to the codes hollando-indonésiens. It reorganizes the army, creates factories of powder, ammunition and of weapons, arranges an artillery school with Semarang, a military hospital and develops the fortifications.
Daendels makes build roads by imposing to the peasants the mode Corvée and generalizes the practice of the forced labor, in particular in the culture of the coffee. It supports private colonization and sells great ground extents in the west and the east of Batavia, with total freedom to exploit the peasants.

October 14th: The British seek to tie commercial relations with the Japan. The frigate HMS Phaeton enters in force the port of Nagasaki but is driven back.

The Middle East & Arab World

July 28th: The sultan Sélim III is put at died by the Janissaire S and his cousin Mustafa IV.
November 15th: Mustafa IV is deposited by his/her brother Mahmud II (fine in 1839).
November 16th: Assassination with the Palate of Topkapi, Constantinople, of the Othoman sultan Mustafa IV, 29e sovereign of the Othoman dynasty.

Napoleon i considers the reconquest of the Egypt so that the British do not keep it.
Mustafa Beirakdar becomes top dog of Mahmud II.
Mahmud II gives to the day order the programme of reform of the empire.
Mosul: Ahmad ibn Bakr, notable not belonging to the dynasty of Djalîlî is named wali. The Janissaire S force it to leave the city and restore Muhammad Pasha (1809).
the Russians occupy the Azerbaïdjan (fine in 1828).

Europe

January 13rd: Aleksey Arakcheyev is named Minister for the War in Russia (fine in 1810).
February 2nd: The French Army invades the Papal States, Pie VII having refused to apply the continental Blocus.
February 8th: The Minister for Finance of Napoleon, the count Mollien, decides that the funds allocated with the service of the République of the Seven-Islands will be dispatched with Corfou each month since Florence in the form of 250 000 Francs out of gold.
February 21st: Beginning of the Russo-Swedish war. The tsar attacks the Sweden and invades the Finland. Barclay de Tolly is the general-in-chief of the Russian army in Finland.
March 13rd: Beginning of the reign of Frederic VI of Denmark (1768 - 1839), king of Denmark (fine in 1839) and of Norway (fine in 1814).

the Denmark declares the war with the Sweden.
the Sweden is threatened by the French troops of Bernadotte in Scanie and a Danish offensive come from Norway.

March 15th: Napoleon annexes the Toscane with the French Empire.
May 11th: The pontifical ports of the Steps and Ancône are allotted to the Royaume of Italy.
September 6th: Murat succeeds Joseph Bonaparte on the throne of Naples.
September 27th - October 14th: Convention of Erfurt between Napoleon I {{er}} and Alexandre I {{er}} of Russia. Napoleon does not obtain the support that he hoped. This treaty allowed in fact the renewal of Franco-Russian alliance - concluded with Tilsit -, but cooling of the diplomatic relations. Alexandre Ier does not want a war against the Austria. He promises just to intervene if Austria declares the war.
4 - October 17th: Catch of Capri by the general Jean Maximilien Lamarque.
November: Napoleon, learning that the Prussian minister Stein prepared a revenge against the French, requires his resignation and makes confiscate his goods. Stein flees in Austria.

In Russia, Mikhail Speransky is charged to conclude work of the Commission of coding of the laws.
Establishment of diplomatic relations between the Russia and the the United States.
Definition of a statute of the cities in Prussia whose municipal councils will be elected by the middle-class men resident.
the Prussia is occupied by the French troops until the payment of the contributions of war, more than 245 million thalers (nearly a billion francs) between 1806 and 1808.
Suppression of the feudal rights to Naples.
the Bourbons of Naples, taken refuge in Sicily under the protection of the British fleet, maintain in Calabria the endemic country revolts.

Iberian peninsula

France

The United Kingdom

Vis-a-vis the crisis, the opinion starts to require peace. Petitions circulate. Disorders burst with Manchester in June. The government resists the pressure and agitation falls down, for lack of framing (prison or exile of the radicals since the great repression of 1798-1799).

Destruction of machines by Ned Ludd, which shows them to cause unemployment.

the continental Blocus leads to the interruption of the British trade in Baltique and at sea of North. It is reinforced in the Mediterranean, where Malta becomes the center of British smuggling bound for the south of Europe. The President of the the United States applies a law of April 1806 prohibiting any traffic with Europe, except an authorization of the presidency, and prohibits the entry of the British goods on the territory of the Union (be). Exports fall of almost 30%. The colonial produces pile up, the prices drop and the profits of traders crumble. Cotton industry enters an serious attack of overproduction (bankruptcy, unemployment). Agriculture specialized in the breeding with the detriment of the cereals, whose production is compensated by exports. The Blockade and the American measures cause the rise in the prices of the grain, accelerated by inflation due to the emission of nonconvertible tickets in cash to finance the war.

Arts & cultures

Triumphal arch of the Carousel of Louvre of Fountain and Percier.
the Battle field of Eylau , fabric of Antoine Gros.
Justice and divine Revenge continuing the Crime , fabric of Prud' hon.
Funeral of Atala , fabric of Girodet-Trioson.

Sciences and technology

Economy & Company

Treated Groundnut or ground pistachio, published in Paris by C.S. Sonini.
Theory of the four movements and the general destinies of Charles Fourier which exposes its co-operative society project.
the blockade is from now on complete and the goods pile up in the warehouses in Indonesia.

Russia

Prohibition to sell serfs on the market and the fairs.
the First cotton-spinning deprived with Saint-Pétersbourg.
Completion of the connection by channels of High the the Volga with the Baltic (Marie system and system of Tikhvine).

Births in 1808

February 15th: Anton Menge, German Naturalist († 1880).
February 26th: Honore Daumier, sculptor, lithographer and painter French.
March 17th: Robert Alfred Cloyne Godwin-Austen, British geologist .
April 20th: Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, president of the Republic.
May 22nd: Gerard de Nerval, writer and romantic poet.
June 13rd: Edme Patrice Maurice of Mac-Mahon, Marshal of France and chair French Republic.
July 8th:

George Robert Gray, zoologist and British writer († 1872).
Mindon Min, king of Burma († 1878)

September 9th: Gustave Mathieu, poet and chansonnier French.
September 15th: John Hutton Balfour, British botanist († 1884).
November 2nd: Jules Barbey d' Aurevilly, French writer.
December 29th: Andrew Johnson, President of the United States.

Death in 1808

March 3rd: Johan Christian Fabricius, Entomologist and economist Danish (° 1745).
April 15th: Hubert Robert, painter and engraver French (1733 -1808).
May 5th: Pierre Jean Georges Cabanis, doctor French ideologist (1757 -1808).
July 21st: Claude-François Duprès, Brigadier general French in the armies of the Revolution and the Empire. (° October 3rd 1755).

Beats-smg: 1808 Be-X-old: 1808 Map-bms: 1808 Simple: 1808 Zh-yue: 1808 年

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