1795

This page relates to the year 1795 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Africa

  • the British explorer Mungo Park reaches banks of the rivers Niger and Gambia. It reaches the Royaume will bambara of Kaarta, without being able to penetrate with Ségou where the sovereign refuses to receive it. It goes to Koulikoro and Bamako before returning in Gambia through the country mandingue and the valley of the Falémé (fine in 1796).

  • Explorations of Brown to the Sudan (fine in 1796).

  • Beginning of the reign of Abd el-Kérim, known as Saboun, king of the Ouadaï (Chad). The capital of Ouadaï is transferred from Ouara to Abéché. With 5  000 riders and 50  000 infantrymen, it vassalizes the Baguirmi and part of the Toubou, then it conquers the countries of the south, Dar Rounga and Dar Kouti. It carries the country to its apogee.

  • Youssef Karamanli becomes pasha of Tripoli (fine in 1835). The Trans-Saharan trade at the beginning of Tripoli towards Tombouctou, Kano or the Lac Chad makes continuous great strides until in 1910. The activity of the merchants of Ghadamès supports this prosperity.

Americas

  • July 22nd: The Spaniards yield to France the Spanish part of the island of Hispaniola (Haiti) in the the Caribbean with the treaty of Basle.
  • August 3rd: The treaty of Grenville stipulates that in exchange of certain Indian ground transfers, the United States gives up any claim on the territories in the north of the Ohio, in the west of the the Mississippi and the south of the area of the Big lakes. On the other hand, if the Indians decide to sell these grounds, they must propose them in priority in the United States.
  • Authorization to produce iron in the Minas Gerais with the Brazil.

Asia

China

  • After the death of the emperor of China Qianlong, the Tibet finds little by little its freedom.
  • Rising Miao with the Guizhou (1795 - 1797).
  • Rebellion of the “white Lotus” in the mountains between the Sichuan, the Shanxi and the Hubei (1795 - 1804). This secret society counts many peasants that the drudgeries and lasts exploitation imposed by the Qing push with the revolt.

Indonesia

  • After the treaty of $the Hague (May 16th), Guillaume V of Orange-Nassau, taken refuge to London, invites the governors of the territories under Dutch sovereignty to accommodate the British like friends. The Dutch administrators of the Indonesia hesitate between their fear of the Jacobinism and their hatred of Great Britain. They decide to recognize the Batavian Republic but to manage only the businesses indonésiennes.
  • the conquest of the Netherlands by revolutionary France leads the British to occupy Malacca and certain Dutch establishments (Western coast of Sumatra, Amboine, islands Banda, Ternate). The Dutchmen hold Java, Macassar, Banjarmasin and Palembang, and manage to drive out the British of the fortress of Kupang with Timor which they had seized.
  • Three million inhabitants with Java.

India

  • Beginning of the reign of Omdut-ul-Umara, nabob of Slag, in the south (fine in 1801). It vainly tries to resist the exactions of the members of the English company.
  • Ceylon passes under British control.

Europe

  • With the Netherlands, the French cross the frozen rivers, take Utrecht (January 16th) and Arnhem (January 17th).

  • January 18th: Exile of the Stadhouder towards the Great Britain.
  • January 19th: Pichegru enters to Amsterdam.
  • January 21st: the French cavalry seizes the fleet Dutchwoman taken by the ices of the Helder.
  • January: Treaty austro-Russian.
  • March 5th: first treaty of Basle (Prussia withdraws war). The Prussia, represented by Hardenberg recognizes the French Republic and confirms the annexation by France of left bank of the Rhine. It is maintained on Right Bank.
  • May 16th: Treaty of $the Hague: the Netherlands yield the Dutch Flanders and become the Batavian République. Peace of the Batavian republic with France.
  • May 20th and June: Execution with the axe of seven Hungarian Jacobins with Buda: Martinovics, Hajnoczy, Szentmarjay, Szolártsik, Laczkovics, Sigray, Öz.
  • June 23rd: British naval Victoire with the Battle of Groix.
  • July 22nd: second treaty of Basle (the Spain cease the combat).
    • the treaties of Basle mark the end of the first coalition against the France. Spain and Prussia commit themselves observing a strict neutrality.
  • November 22nd: French Victoire on Austria with the Battle of Loano.
  • October 1st: France annexes the Austrian Netherlands.
  • October 10th: The Belgian provinces, divided into 9 departments in August, become Dutch (end in 1815). They will be then directed during 15 years per William of Orange, of the Kingdom - Linked of the Netherlands.
  • October 29th: Blockade of Mainz.
  • November: Sedition Act , severely punishing any “seditious” propaganda in favor of the French revolutionists to the the United Kingdom.

Poland

  • November 25th: Abdication of Stanislas Poniatowski. It is put under house arrest at Grodno, then is authorized to withdraw itself with Saint-Pétersbourg where it dies in February 1798.

    • After the disappearance of the Polish state, the general Dombrowski (1755 - 1818) emigrates in France where it founds the “Polish legions” which will take part in the countryside of Italy and will defend the Grand Duchy of Warsaw against the Austrians.

    • In the Russian part of Poland, of the confiscations of grounds strikes the noble ones which were compromised with Tadeusz Kosciuszko, and Catherine II of Russia distributes them to its favorites: in August, 110  000 serfs are divided in Lithuania and White Russia.

    • the Russia is large the recipient of the successive divisions of Poland since it makes pass under its domination 45  % of the Polish population, is 5,4 million inhabitant, including 1,8 million Pole. Among the latter, 640  000 noble occupies a dominant situation from the points of view economic, social and cultural, above farming communities Lithuanian, Belorusse and Ukrainian. The administration is often entrusted to them, and they will keep this position until the insurrection of 1831.

France

See also: 1795 in France

Arts & cultures

See also: 1795 with the theater, 1795 in literature

  • October 25th: Creation of the National institute of sciences and arts , representing republican France, divided into three classes (physical sciences and mathematics, sciences morals and policies, literature and fine art), prefiguration of the Academy of the Art schools.

  • the Austrian type-setter Franz Joseph Haydn finishes the cycle of its twelve London Symphonies.
  • Neoclassicism in Poland (1795-1830): F. Smuglewicz (Vilno) and A. Brodowski (Warsaw), painters. J. Esner, musician (opera). K. Kozmian, L. Osunsksi and J.P. Woronicz, writers. Construction with Warsaw of the castle of the View-point, the Bank of Poland and the Large Theater.

Sciences and technology

  • the British geologist William Smith founds historical geology.
  • the Mathématicien John Playfair publishes his version annotated of the Éléments of Euclide in which it uses an algebraic notation to shorten the demonstrations.
  • the confectioner French Nicolas Appert develops the process conservation of food.
  • Adoption of the Metric system in France (applied in 1800).

Economy & company

  • System of Speenhamland to the the United Kingdom, envisaging to modulate the amount of the assistance granted to the poor according to the price of the basic food products and the size of the poor family.
  • Liverpool, which counts more than one hundred boats intended for the transport of slaves, represents half of the European trade of the slaves.
  • Informs sober the ley agraria of Jovellanos. Its efforts and those of the economic companies to introduce new cultivation methods in Spain run up against the resistance of the great landowners. Enormous the latifundia indeed provides them a sufficient income without pushing with the increase in productions.

Births in 1795

Death in 1795

See too

Be-X-old: 1795 Map-bms: 1795 Simple: 1795 Zh-yue: 1795 年

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