This page relates to the year 1781 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Africa

  • April 16th: The admiral Suffren beats an English squadron with the Bataille of Oporto Praya to the Cap Verde.
  • October 25th: The squadron of Suffren arrives at the Cape.

  • Ethiopia: Close-cropped Ali, a chief Official reception Yédjou, of the family of the Ouarra-Sheik, governor of the Bégamedér is named Bitouadded by the Emperor Takla-Guiorguis. He and its descendants (Ali Gaz, Gougsa, Close-cropped Imâm…) ensure the capacity of 1781 1855, period known as of the Masâfént (princes), or times of the Judges, in reference with the Bible.

  • If Ahmed Ben-Mohammed, Moslem of the Algerian South, founds the brotherhood Tidjaniya, which is deeply democratic and levelling.

Asia

  • December 7th: the fleet of Suffren installs Port-Louis (Maurice). In the Indian Ocean, it eliminates British cruisings, protects the Dutch colony from the Cape and covers the operations of the French Compagnie of the Indies (1781-1793).
  • China: Rebellion of the Moslems of the Gansu (fine in 1784).

America

Latin America

  • February 10th: Movimiento of los Comuneros in High-Peru (current Bolivia).
  • May 18th: The last INCA Túpac Amaru II is quartered then decapitated with Cuzco in Peru in the presence of all the population gathered. His/her cousin, Túpac Amaru III, takes again a time the head of the revolt but is taken and undergoes the same torment in 1783.
  • November 15th: The chief of revolted the Aymara of High-Peru Túpac Katari is carried out with La Paz.

The United States

  • January 1st: Mutiny of the troops Pennsylvania confined close to Morristown, with the New Jersey. They go on the continental Congress of Philadelphia. George Washington manages to negotiate an agreement with the mutineers without resorting to the force: half of the soldiers is demobilized and the other authorized to leave in permission. A revolt of less scale bursts shortly after within the troops of the New Jersey. Two hundred men walk on Trenton, the capital of the State, but Washington makes them encircle and disarm by 600 soldiers. Three leaders are judged and two of them are carried out by groups made up of their comrades.
  • January 5th: the town of Richmond in Virginia is set fire to by the naval forces Britannique S, ordered by Benedict Arnold, within the framework of the Guerre of independence of the United States of America.
  • January 30th: the Maryland is the 13th American State to ratify the Articles of the Confederation .
  • March 1st: the continental Congrès American adopts the Articles of the Confederation . It becomes the Congrès of the Confederation (fine in 1789).
  • March 15th: demolished American troops, ordered by Nathanael Greene, vis-a-vis the British troops at the time of the Battle of Short Guilford House.
  • March 16th: Bataille of the course Henry, undecided enters France and Great Britain.
  • May 6th: arrival of French reinforcements in Boston.
  • August 30th: The squadron of the count de Grasse arrives at the Baie of Chesapeake, which cuts the retirement, by sea route, of the British Général Charles Cornwallis.
  • September 4th: foundation of the town of Los Angeles by 44 Spanish colonists under the name of El Pueblo de Nuestra Senora Reina of Los Angeles de Porciuncula .
  • September 5th: Battle of bay of maritime Chesapeake combat between Thomas Low registers and the Grasse count: no run ship, but the Franco-American device is reinforced, while the British fleet cannot bring reinforcement to the general Cornwallis.
  • September 6th: British Victoire with the Battle of Groton Heights, with Groton (Connecticut).
  • September 28th: The allied troops of George Washington, Fayette and Rochambeau push the British towards the coast. Taken between two fires, the British of Cornwallis capitulate in Yorktown, in Virginia the October 19th.
  • October 19th: Franco-American victory of Yorktown over the British . The small British army is captured.

See also: Defense of Virginia by Fayette, Franco-American Countryside in the United States at the beginning of 1781, Franco-American Countryside in the in August United States - September 1781, Franco-American Countryside in the United States (October 1781), Franco-American Countryside in the United States (at the end of 1781)

Europe

  • January 6th: decisive British victory over France with the Battle of Jersey.
  • January: William Pitt the Young person between with the House of Commons.
  • January - February: popular disorders with Geneva against the Small Council.
  • July 23rd: A Spanish squadron starts from Cadiz to reconquer Minorque. The Franco-Spanish fleet covers the unloading of the troops of Crillon which seize Minorque after four months of engagements against the British (February 5th 1782).
  • August 5th: undecided naval Battle of the Dogger Bank in the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War.
  • 25/September 26th: Call “To the people of the Netherlands” of noble of Overijssel Johan Derk van der Capellen, inaugurating the movement of the patriots to the United Provinces, which is reinforced throughout the war of American independence. It joins together those which refuse the extension of the capacities of the Stathouder in a direction monarchical and hereditary, those which want to direct the commercial exchanges and the capital towards the the United States and to move away from the Great Britain, in spite of the political weight of the British national debt whose Dutchmen hold 40%, those which wish to maintain the constitution republican but to widen the electoral bases of them.
  • December 12th: British Victoire on France with the Second battle of Ushant

  • Alliance enters the Russia and the Austria.
  • Russia: Potemkine builds a fortress, barracks and a building site naval with Kherson.

States of Habsbourg

  • Joseph II of Austria makes important reforms introducing the religious tolerance and abolishing the Servage.
  • August 13rd: Edict of tolerance which grants to the Protestants and to orthodoxe freedom of worship and restores to them the totality of their civic rights. The Juifs are authorized to practice manual trades, to found industrial companies and to attend the universities. Vestimentary discriminations are abolished. The orthodoxe Jews accommodate this decree with reserve, fearing the assimilation of their community. The archbishop Collodero of Salzburg publishes a pastoral letter to approve the edict of tolerance. The Edict of tolerance gives a dash to Protestant schooling in Hungary.
  • November 1st: “ License of the subjects ”, abolition of the personal constraint in Bohemia, Moravie and Silesia. The peasants can, without authorization of the lord, to marry, leave the field, to send their children to study or to work downtown and to have goods. The Corvée is maintained and codified (the peasant can repurchase it, and it is subjected to an agreement between the peasants and their renewable lord every three years) and the peasant does not have the property right yet on the ground. The tenure of the “rustical” is consolidated (it becomes real property of the peasant against payment of the taxable quota). The license is initially applied in Bohemia before being introduced in Austria.

  • Reorganization and secularization of the goods of the Church. Creation of many parishes (263 in Low-Austria, 180 in Moravie, more than 1000 in Hungary) and several dioceses (Linz, Saint-Pölten, Ljubljana, Hradec Kralove, Budejovice) whose bishops and priests are paid by the government. The church becomes the instrument of the capacity.
  • Decree of suppression of the contemplative religious orders, except those which are devoted to the education or the care of the patients. 738 convents are closed and transformed into schools, of which some very famous like those of Mondsee, Baumgartenberg and Holy Dorothée with Vienna. Their goods are entrusted at an ecclesiastical aulic commission which transfers the major part from it to the bishops josephists.

France

  • February: Necker publishes a Compte-rendu with the king revealing the state of public finances. He hoped, by this text diffused with the agreement of Louis XVI, to disarm his adversaries. But the disclosure of the list of the pensions granted to the courtiers causes a scandal. The count de Provence, brother of the king succeeds in making conceal at the royal printer a project of Necker on the provincial assemblies, aiming at establishing them in all the provinces, and on the creation of an National Assembly recording the edicts.
  • April: The Parlement of Paris refuses to record the creation of the assembly of the Bourbonnais.
  • May 19th: resignation of the minister Necker who regains Geneva.
  • May 21st: Jean-François Jolly de Fleury is named general administrator of finances.
  • September: Superabundant grape harvest.
  • November 21st: Vergennes with the businesses with died of Jean Frederic Phélypeaux de Maurepas.

  • frontier Agreements with the County of Leyen.
  • Edict requiring four degrees of Nobility on behalf of the candidates in the army. It holds for noble the direct access with the ranks of officers without preliminary service or passage in military academies.
  • the French fleet, second of the world, has 80 ship of the lines.

Art & culture

See also: 1781 with the theater, 1781 in literature

  • Publication of the first newspaper to the India S, the Hickey' S Calcutta Gazette .

Science & technology

  • March 13rd: discovered Planet Uranus by William Herschel, British Astronomer . He will discover that the Sun and its system move in space and that the groupings of stars and nebulas are not the result of the chance. He passes to have located 2500 double nebulas and 848 stars.

  • the British scientist Joseph Priestley produces water by combustion Hydrogène - Oxygène.

Economy & company

Births in 1781

Death in 1781

  • nonwell informed or unknown Dates :

    • Peter Scheemakers, Flemish sculptor

Be-X-old: 1781 Map-bms: 1781 Simple: 1781 Zh-yue: 1781 年

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