1709

This page relates to the year 1709 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

America

Africa

  • February 15th: Victoire of Pedro IV, claiming Nlaza under Manicongo. It reconquers the capital of the Congo, São El Salvador (fine of reign in 1718).

Asia

  • April: The Afghan S are raised against the Persian capacity and form an independent Afghan state.
  • In India, the emperor Moghol Bahadur Shah recognizes Ajit Singh as rajah of Marwar (Jodhpur), thus making sure neutrality of the Rajput.

Japan

  • February 19th: The Shogun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi is assassinated, probably by his own wife who commits suicide immediately.
  • July 27th: The emperor Nakamikado reaches the throne of the Japan (until 1735).
  • Arai Hakuseki, reformer, becomes chief of the police force.

Europe

  • Bad harvests in Europe (1709 - 1716). Famine, epidemics of Typhoid Dysentery and (1709 - 1710). Freezing cold in January - February. In France, almost all the walnut trees, olive-trees, apple trees and vines perish as well as the grains in the ground. The price of the corn setier will reach 64 Livres tournaments in Paris, unequalled since the end of the 16th century. One sows everywhere cereals of spring in April. The courses of the wine increase and the wines of Bottom Languedoc and Provence, exempted rights, are exported for the first time at Paris.

  • Extension to the Scotland of the English legislation on the cases of treason.

  • the Phanariotes (orthodoxe Greek political community and commercial) assume the government of the semi-autonomous areas of Moldavie and Valachie for the Ottoman Empire.
  • Plague in Hungary.

Second War of North

  • June 27th/July 8th:
    • decisive Victoire of the Russian vis-a-vis Charles XII of Sweden and to the hetman of the Cossacks Mazeppa with the Battle of Poltava. Charles XII of Sweden whose army is destroyed, must take refuge with Bender in Turkey (1709 - 1714) where he will convince the Othoman Sultan to declare the war in Russia (1710 - 1712). The Russians establish their supremacy on the Baltique.
    • Auguste II invades the Poland, drives out Stanislas Leszczynski which takes refuge in Poméranie Swedish and takes again the crown, thanks to the entered Russian troops with Warsaw. Poland economically is ruined and politically divided. Swedes and Muscovites furrowed the country during seven years. The revolts of the tycoons, Sapiéha supporting the Swedes, Oginski, the Russians, put the country at fire and blood.
  • July: Quadruple alliance. Russians, Pole, Dane and Prussians against the Sweden.
  • October: Treaty of Copenhagen. the Denmark is committed near the tsar invading the Scanie.

  • Treated Thorn between Auguste II and Pierre Large the.

War of succession of Spain

  • January 15th: A body of Protestant soldier sent by the emperor having taken Bologna, the pope signs a treaty by which he recognizes “Charles III” as king for the part of Spanish monarchy that he occupies. This involves the rupture of the relations between Philippe V of Spain and the the Holy See.
  • March 17th: Beginning of the peace negotiations with Moerdyck.
  • April 29th: The Corsair French Jacques Cassard combat 24 hours lasting in front of Tabarka with two boats vis-a-vis five British ships in order to allowing the passage of a convoy of 25 corn boats coming from Tunisia bound for Marseilles, thus saving the Provence of the famine.
  • May 1st: Opening of the peace talks with $the Hague, without success.
  • May 28th: Peace proposals signed by the large boarder Heinsius, Marlborough and the Prince Eugene. Restitution or demilitarization of Lille, Strasbourg, Dunkirk and Naples. Louis XIV will have to possibly contribute to drive out its grandson of the throne of Spain (article 4); n the other hand, an armistice will be granted to him (article 37).
  • June 7th: Louis XIV refuses the ultimatum and sends circulars to all the governors of province to explain to them the reasons of his control (June 8th).
  • July 28th: Tournai capitulates to the French troops.
  • August: French victories under the command of Adrien Maurice de Noailles in Catalonia. As from August, the adversaries of France are pushed back in North, the Dauphiné and in Spain.
  • September 11th: Battle of Malplaquet. Bloody (more 30  000 dead) and undecided, the victory is asserted by the two camps, French of Villars and Boufflers and Impériaux of Marlborough and the Prince Eugene. The French manage nevertheless to stop the invasion.
  • October 20th: Mons goes to the allied troops against France.
  • November 24th: The council of king de France accepts the preliminaries of $the Hague except for articles 4 and 37, this last guaranteeing in France only one armistice and not peace.

France

  • January 6th: Beginning of the cold wave which touch the Europe and particularly the France. It is the beginning of the “Great Winter” of 1709. The the Seine freezes. The bad weather makes the supply of Paris impossible for three months.
  • January 13rd: Temperature record in Paris with -23.1°.Le wine freezes in the barrels it is output with the axe
  • January 20th: Tenth consecutive day where the temperature is lower than -10° in Paris. Record ever beaten. Record of -26° in Paris. 24  000 deaths of cold in Paris during January.
  • March 15th: Beginning of the spectacular rout of the the Seine generating an important flood making still impossible the supply of Paris.
  • fine March: Thaw after the “Great Winter” which leaves more than one million of died in France. Almost all the rivers French have cold and even the ocean Atlantique was taken by freezing along the French coasts! Many “riots of the hunger”. Culminating point of the unpopularity of Louis XIV in France.
  • April 5th: Blocked by the rigors of the winter, Paris has been supplied for the first time for three months.
  • June 9th: Dismissal of Chamillart, Secretary of State to the War. Voysin succeeds to him.
  • June 12th: Call of Louis XIV with the people which are read in all the churches of the kingdom. The call is heard and the effort of war is maintained in spite of the urgency of the food shortage.
  • June 22nd: Abraham Mazel raises the Protestants Vivarais.
  • August 20th: Riot of the hunger with Paris. The troop makes fire on crowd and the city is put in state of siege.

  • Revolts in the the Jura.
  • the deficit of the State reaches 1000 tons of equivalent-money. Provisional bankruptcy of the financier Samuel Bernard. Bankruptcy of the money market of Lyon due to the economic situation and the effort of war. Clapeyron is the deputy of the Lyons creditors of Samuel Bernard who himself lost 30 million.

Religion

  • October 29th: Excommunicated since 1707, the monastery of Port-Royal-of-Fields, hearth of the movement Jansenist, is closed and the nuns are dispersed. The abbey will be shaven and the corpses of its cemetery exhumed in 1711.

  • Autodafé S against the Juifs converse in Spain (1709 - 1727).

  • temporary Removal of the court of nonciature in Spain (1709 - 1715), judging the ecclesiastic causes.

Art & culture

See also: 1709 with the theater

  • Antoine Coypel decorates the vault with the vault of the castle of Versailles.

  • the Camp stealing , fabric of Watteau.
  • Watteau gains the second Prix of Rome.

Sports

  • First match of Cricket inter-counties in England: Kent against Surrey.

Science & technology

  • January 25th: The British ironmaster Abraham Darby, established in Scotland, empirically discovers the cast iron process to the coke. Abraham II Darby will improve the invention of his/her father to make of it an industrial process usable (v. 1720). The use of coke will allow the construction of blast furnaces powerful. The quality of metals will be increased when the Darby brothers associate a blower with their blast furnace.
  • July 13rd: Jean Marie Farina founds the oldest factory of Eau de Cologne with Cologne.

Births in 1709

Death in 1709

Easter Day

Be-X-old: 1709 Map-bms: 1709 Simple: 1709 Zh-yue: 1709 年

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