1648

This page relates to the year 1648 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Americas

Brazil

  • April 19th: The Portuguese take again victoriously the offensive with the Brésil against the Netherlands.
  • September: Prohibition of the navigation of sugars as long as the Dutchmen will remain the Masters of the Atlantic.

Africa

  • the Angola becomes the principal tank of Esclave S bound for the Brésil. The missionaries Jésuites take an active share with this traffic until the middle of the 18th century.
  • Jean the Cowherd becomes consul of France to Tunis (1648 - 1653; 1657 - 1666). It will obtain the foundation of the first vault intended for the public worship (Saint Louis).

Asia & Indian world

  • With the Moluques, the Dutch Compagnie of the Eastern Indies makes tear off all the girofliers who are not necessary for him. Revolts burst with Amboine (1648) and Ternate (1650). Dutch garrisons are massacred. Repression is atrocious. The plantations are destroyed, the off-set inhabitants from one island to another, a great number is imprisoned and one tries to impose Christianity by the force.
  • Famine in India.
  • Shah Jahan transfers the capital to Delhi where it makes build the Strong red and the Large Jâmi-masjid Mosque.
  • the Russian explorer Semyon Dezhnev discovers the Bering Strait.

China

  • Persecution of the Christians in the province of Fujian, following a conflict between the Jésuites, which tolerate the ceremonies traditional of the Chinese in the honor of their ancestors, considered to be laic, and the franciscains and the Dominican ones, which prohibit them. To Fuan, a young convert having broken the head of an idol to prove her impotence, crowd walks on the church, devastates it and strikes the convert with blows of bamboo. The missionaries must evacuate their establishments. Been obstinated, Dominican Diez, returns in Fuan to tear off the inscription proscribing the Christianisme. The Capillar priest, shown by the authorities to cause agitation and to divert the young girls of the marriage while wanting to constitute communities of nuns, is decapitated the January 15th.

The Middle East

  • August 12th: Beginning of the Othoman sultanate of Mehmed IV (fine in 1687).
    • the sultan Ibrahim Ier is assassinated. Intrigues of palate of the mother and the grandmother of the sultan. Rebellions of the army with Istanbul. Revolts in the provinces.
  • Attack of the Venetian on the coasts of Anatolia and in the Dardanelles. Seat of Crystallized held by the Venetian ones (end in 1669).
  • has Izmir, in the Ottoman Empire, Sabbataï Tsevi proclaims Messie awaited by the Jews.

Europe

  • January 30th: Separate peace signed hispano-Dutchwoman with Münster. The king of Spain recognizes the independence of the United Provinces (completion of the Guerre Eighty Year old), accepts the closing of the the Scheldt to the traffic (Antwerp asphyxiates) and yields to the general states the territories conquered by Frederic-Henri de Nassau.
  • Since at the end of March 1648, Servien is only negotiator with Münster, he has to help it in Osnabrück Henri Groulart of Short.
  • February 28th: Beginning of the reign of Frederic III (1609 - 1670) king of Denmark and Norway.
    • Handfaestning , charter of advent imposed by the Rigsraad (Council of State) to the king Frederic III of Denmark. He recognizes with the nobility the right of insurrection in the case or he would not keep to his commitments. Monarchy is put in supervision by 250 families which have more half of the grounds.
  • May 17th: Victoire of Turenne and the Swede Wrangel with the Battle of Zusmarshausen in Bavaria on the imperial ones. The French plunder the Bavaria.
  • August 20th: Victoire of the Large Cop on the Spaniards with the Battle of Lens ordered by the archduke Léopold-Guillaume, governor of the Spanish Netherlands.
  • October 11th: Georges II Rákóczy becomes voïévode of Transylvania (fine in 1660).
  • October 24th: Peace of Westphalia. Two treaties are signed with Münster (catholic) and with Osnabrück (Protestant).
    • the France gains Pignerol, Metz, Toul, Verdun and the Alsace except Strasbourg and Mulhouse. The emperor gives up to him the Three bishoprices, occupied since 1552. France becomes, mainly at the expense of the Habsbourg of Austria, the principal power in Europe.
    • the Sweden preserves the conquests of Gustave-Adolphe, the Livonie, the Ingrie, the Karelia, it (Poméranie Western, the archbishop's palace of Bremen and évêché of Verden, towns of Szczecin, Wismar and islands of Rügen and Poe).
    • the Brandebourg increases (Magdeburg, Poméranie Eastern, évêché of Minden).
    • the United Provinces and the Suisse become independent.
    • the duke of Wurtemberg and the voter of Trier find their grounds.
    • the son of Frederic V, Charles-Louis, recovers the Bas-Palatinat and the dignity of voter.
    • the Germany, large losing, is exhausted by the war. The imperial capacity is weakened (the Diet becomes perpetual, the princes and the States have the possibility of concluding from alliances between them and with foreign sovereigns, but never against the Emperor), and the country is divided into 350 sovereign states, including 8, then 9 are voters (the right to vote with the Diet of the Saint Empire is recognized in France and Sweden). It will take him more than one century to be raised.
    • On the religious level, the diplomats return to the principles of the Paix of Augsburg of 1555: evangelic and catholic must deliberate with share for certain questions. Only one Church is maintained in each State. The Calvinism is recognized like third confession and the secularizations carried out before 1624 are confirmed.
  • November 26th: The pope Innocent X condemns the Traités of Westphalia ( bubble Zelo Domus Die ).

  • Bad harvests in Europe related to the climate (1648 - 1651).
  • Disappearance of the Diets of the Brandebourg and the Palatinat.
  • Auersperg holds the role of Prime Minister with Vienna.

Italy

See also: Neapolitan Republic (1647)

France

See also: 1648 in France

  • January 11th: Agitations antifiscales with Paris.
  • January 15th: Reads justice of the government instituting of new taxes and creating twelve new offices of Masters of the requests. The Parliament of Paris response by careful remonstrances.
  • Mars - April: Business of Paulette . Anne of Austria and Mazarin, irritated by the remonstrances, into force put vexatious measurements such as the removal of the pledges of officers or that of the Paulette.
  • the April 29th, the Parlement of Paris is opposed to financial measurements of the government (retained on the pledges of the advisers of the courses sovereign).
  • May 13rd: Under the influence of Gondi and Broussel, the Parliament, the Large Council, the room of the accounts and the court of the assistances meet (stop of union) to try to limit the royal capacity, and adopt a declaration against the absolutism.
  • June 16th: The Parliament confirms the preceding stop of union.
  • July 2nd: The Chambre Saint-Louis presents its charter reformist.
  • Mazarin and its ministers, isolated (the armed force is at the borders), is resigned to ratify the political inversion required, which puts an end to the ministériat and the modern absolutist state, built on the tax. By the royal decree of the July 18th, the 17 provincial intendants are recalled, the revoked tax innovations, the suspended farms of taxes. Coverings stop and the capacity in the provinces becomes to the hands local governors and magistrates. The superintendent of finances Particelli d' Emery is dismissed and replaced by Meillerais (July).
  • August 27th: Day of the barricades to Paris. Beginning of the Sling , rising against Anne of Austria and Mazarin.
    • the government, which wants to reconsider the granted concessions considered to be excessive, makes stop the advisers Broussel, Charton and Blancmesnil (August 26th), which causes the day of the barricades (August 27th) and opens the Parliamentary Sling (Gondi, Beaufort, Châteauneuf, Charton, Broussel…). Anne must agree to release Broussel (August 28th).
  • September 13rd: The royal family leaves Paris for Rueil, then for Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer.
  • October 22nd: The queen signs a declaration joining in an attenuated way the text of the twenty-seven articles. She returns to Paris at the end of the month.

British Isles

  • January: DEBATEs of Putney. the “ Levellers ” (Levelling) recommend a political democracy (abolition of the personal capacity, strict equality in front of the law, right to vote, property). They sign a petition claim the division of the grounds. The Diggers, led by Winstanley, preach an agrarian Communism.
  • January 17th: Vote off No Address , of the Long Parliament, which breaks the negotiations with the king.
  • April - May: Beginning of the Second civil war. Charles Ier of England is reconciled with the Scot, which invades the England, while royalist risings burst in the Wales, the Essex and the Kent.
  • 17 - August 18th: The Scottish troops are crushed with the battles of Preston by Oliver Cromwell.
  • December 6th: Purification of the Long Parliament by the “soldiers of God” of Cromwell, directed by the colonel Thomas Pride: half of the deputies are stopped or prevented from sitting (Parlement tail).

Poland and Russia

  • Beginning of the Age of Iron in Poland (fine in 1697).

  • January: In Ukraine, insurrection of the Zaporogues Cossacks against the Polish nobility (end in 1651) led by the Polish gentleman Bohdan Chmielnicki (1595 - 1657), victim of a denial of justice. They go towards the west, allied with the Tatars of the Crimea.

  • April 29th - May 16th: The insurrectionists beat the Polish army on the Dniepr with the battle of Zhovti Vody then penetrate in Podolie and Ruthénie raising the peasants recently reduced to serfdom against their lords, the orthodoxe ones against the catholics. The Jewish , often collecting taxes for the Polish lords, are massacred per thousands.
  • May 20th: In the middle of the crisis, the king Ladislas Vasa dies.
  • May 26th: Bogdan Khmelnitski beats the Poles with Korsuń.
  • June: Revolt of Salt . Riot with Moscow caused by the increase in the taxes and the unpopularity of the entourage of the tsar. Crowd plunders the palate Morozov and fire the city.
  • September 10th: Bogdan Khmelnitski beats the Poles with Pitavtsy. It then dominates a third of the territory of the republic and favorably accommodates the election of the new king. He wants to create a duchy of Ruthénie, which would have been independent of the Ukraine. But the khan of the Crimea, hostile in this plan, breaks its alliance.
  • November 20th: Jean-Casimir, half-brother of late the Ladislas, secularized cardinal of the Society of Jesus, is elected king de Pologne, is supported by the chancellor Ossolinski. It resists during twenty years the attacks of the enemies of Poland (time of the flood).

Arts & cultures

Literature and theater

  • the ecclesiastical dignitary Namkhaï-Djamtso (1599-1662) gives to the Oïrats an alphabet, alternative of the alphabet Ouïgour - Mongolian. Namkhaï-Djamtso translated of many Buddhist works Tibetans.
  • the printing works of Moscow publishes the grammar of Smotryski, according to the edition of Wilno of 1619.
  • Hespérides , collection of poems of Robert Herrick.
  • Agudeza there Arte of ingenio , Baltasar Gracián there Morals.
  • the Sonnet of Job of Isaac de Benserade.
  • literary Quarrel opposing the admirors of “ Job ”, (the Jobelins ) with those (Uranist ) of the sonnet “ With Uranie ” of Vincent Conveys.
  • Life of Saint Bernard of Antoine Lemaistre.
  • Venceslas of Jean Rotrou.
  • Virgile disguised (1648 - 1659), burlesque parody of the heroic poetry of Scarron.
  • Polyandrous of Sorel.
  • comic History of the States of the Moon of Cyrano of Bergerac (published in 1656).
  • Meditation on the brevity of the life of Bossuet.

See also: 1648 with the theater

Painting and architecture

Music

Sciences & technology

  • September 19th: Experiments of Pascal to the Puy de Dôme on the Atmospheric pressure, Pascal checks the assumption of Torricelli on gravity of the air. It is in fact Florin Périer which has conduitl' experiment of Puy de Dôme, four days earlier.
  • Fall: Account of the great experiment of Pascal of the balance of liquors.

Religion

  • January 25th: Bossuet supports its first thesis, known as attempt, in the presence of Condé, friend of his family, to which it had dedicated it.
  • May: The Angélique mother turns over to Port-Royal of the Fields with 7 profess and 2 converse. It will establish a strict fence there as of the 16.
  • July 27th: Inauguration of the Holy-Anne-the-Royal church of the théatins (Voltaire quay).
  • September: Bossuet is ordered sub-deacon with Langres. During its retirement, he writes the Méditation on the brevity of the life . He starts to preach, in Metz and Paris, in particular for the Brotherhood of the Rosary of which he was appointed director by Nicolas Cornet.

Economy & company

  • the Sling (1648-1653) cause a drop in the tax pressure in France (removal of the intendants).
  • the Sorbonne condemns the working Compagnonnage.

  • Wars and epidemics in Germany involved since 1618 the disappearance of 40% of the rural population and 33% of the urban population (80% in Mecklembourg, 60% in Poméranie, 50% in Brandebourg and Bohemia). The war itself was the direct cause only of 150 with 180  000 dead, but by causing continual displacements of populations and abandonments of culture, it facilitated to the circulation of the epidemic S. the historians estimate that the population of the Empire fell from 20 to 7 million inhabitants. The economic rebuilding misses arm and capital, and the Empire takes delay compared to its European rivals.

  • 300  000 Jewish Ashkénazes in Poland, is 3% of the total population and 15% of the urban population. The rising of the Cosaques will cause the death of a quarter of the Jewish population, with that of tens of thousands of Pole (“flood”). Many Jews flee towards the Germany, the Prussia or the Moravie.

Births in 1648

  • March 12th: Charles de Sévigné, second child of Madam de Sévigné, baptized the same day with Etrelles. He will die without posterity in 1713.
  • October 12th: Francoise-Madeleine of Orleans, 3rd girl of Gaston and Marguerite, Miss de Valois, future duchess of Savoy.

Death in 1648

Easter Day

Be-X-old: 1648 Map-bms: 1648 Simple: 1648

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