1621

This page relates to the year 1621 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Americas

June 3rd: Charter of the Company Dutchwoman of the Western Indies.
June 13rd: Creation of the State of the Maranhão to the Brazil (Ceará, Piaui, Maranhão and Pará).
September 21st: The marquis de Gelves becomes Vice-roi of News-Spain (fine in 1624). Crisis with Mexico City between the viceroy and the archbishop Mgr Serna.
September 29th: The Scot William Alexander obtains a charter for the Nouvelle Scotland, where two small colonies in will be established 1629.
October: Whereas the south of Europe undergoes records of cold (olive-trees freeze even in Provence) the English colonies of America know a soft time and bumper crops. In Thanksgiving, the colonists organize a large banquet where the autochtones are invited. Since 1863, fourth Thursday of November is officially non-working (the Thanksgiving) in commemoration of this event.

Africa

the colony Morocco groin of Tombouctou and Gao is forsaken by the Sultan of Morocco. Tombouctou is plundered by the Bambara and the Moors.
Mohammed Benkan, indicated like askia of the Songhaï by the sultan of the Morocco, enjoys a certain authority on its subjects (end in 1642).
the négus of Ethiopia Sousnéyos is confessed near the father Paez Jesuit, thus making profession of Catholicisme. It makes proclaim the Roman religion with Aksoum where the large majordomo reads the imperial edict in the presence of the large ones, of which much is already converted.

Asia & Indian world

June 3rd: Foundation of the Company Dutchwoman of the Western Indies ( W.I.C., West Indische Company ); the Republic of the United Provinces grants to him, by a Charte, the monopoly of the trade bound for the west. The zones concerned included the West Africa (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Cape of Good Hope), and the America, including the Pacific Ocean and the oriental party of the New Guinea.

the Manchu people , joins together by the chief Nourqatsi, is established around Moukden, in China.

Europe

January 23rd: Frederic V of Palatinat is put at the round of applause of the empire, its inheritance is confiscated and occupied by the Spaniards of Spinola (Bas-Palatinat) and the Bavarian ones of Maximilien I {{er}} of Bavaria (Haut-Palatinat).

February 9th: Beginning of the Pontificate of Gregoire XV (fine in 1623).

Gregoire XV works out the electoral payments of the conclave intended to elect the pope, creates the congregation of propaganda to spread the Faith in the whole world, associated with the congregation of the Council the congregation of ecclesiastical immunity intended to defend the privileges of the Church and the pontifical authority everywhere where they would be attacked. Its nephew, the cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi, fulfills the functions of Secretary of State.

February 28th: Ferdinand II of Médicis becomes large-duke of Toscane (fine in 1670).
March 31st: Beginning of the reign of Philippe IV of Spain and of the Portugal (fine in 1665).
April 10th: Gaspar de Guzmán, count-duke of Olivares (1587 - 1645), favorite of Philippe IV, obtains the dignity of Grand of Spain and exerts the power (fine in 1643). He fights against general corruption and tries to cleanse finances. He introduces with the top of the twelve councils the secret Council ( Consulta ) which centralizes the capacity.
April 25th: Franco-Spanish treaty of Madrid negotiated by Bassompierre (agreement concerning the Valteline).
May 24th: Dissolution of the Protestant Union.
June 21st: Execution of 27 noble Czech with Prague.

Repression in Bohemia by the imperial commissions, chaired by Charles Ier of Liechtenstein and the cardinal Dietrichstein: 27 members of the Diets are condemned to died and are decapitated in front of the town hall of Prague the June 21st. Many noble must discharge heavy fines and is ruined. The goods of revolted are confiscated and sold or redistributed to gentlemen faithful to the emperor. One removes the privileges of the utraquism, one expels the pastors who are interdict to preach “under penalty of irons”. The Diets of Bohemia are reformed and lose the right to elect the sovereign. Everywhere, Catholicism east restores. The Jésuites are recalled to the Charles university of Prague and are restored in their colleges. These measurements start the exodus of the Protestants: 30 000 families, approximately 150 000 people leave towards the Germany, especially the Saxony and the Silesia.

Be: Resumption of the war enters Holland and Spain. The Spaniards besiege Berg-COp-Zoom (be). More than 500 Portuguese ships are hailed by the Dutchmen between 1621 and 1638.

September 2nd - October 9th: The Poles of Ladislas Vasa gain the battles of Chocim (Khotin) against the Turkish S. a peace of compromise is signed.
September: Spinola seizes Juliers in the name of the emperor Ferdinand II.
November: Jacques Ier of England reacts violently to a request of the members of Parliament to take part in the preparation of the war against the Spain, while insisting on the monarchical origin their privileges, and by stopping some signatories of a petition.
December 31st: Peace of Nikolsbourg. Gábor Bethlen gives up the royal crown of Hungary but secures personal capacity seven comitats in High-Hungary. After the treaty, Bethlen requires the hand of the princess Cécile Renee, girl of Ferdinand II, with in dowry the government of royal Hungary, which is refused to him by the court of Vienna. It is turned then on the protesting side and will marry the girl of the voter of Brandebourg, Catherine.

Gustave II Adolphe of Sweden enters in war against his/her cousin the king of Poland Sigismond III Vasa which always claims with the Swedish throne (1621-1629). It conquers the Livonie (Rīga and Vidzeme) and the Courlande on the Poles.
Russia: Circular of the Zemski sobor incentive communes to resist the exactions of the civils servant and to refuse the bribes and the illegal drudgeries.
England: Francis Bacon loses his functions of large chancellor following a charge of misappropriation.
With the Portugal, Philippe IV, advised by his valido Olivarès, names governors of which it requires a whole tender and which it replaces as soon as they express of inclinations of autonomy.

France

Beginning of a Protestant revolt against Louis XIII. The Protestants of average the Garonne and the top Languedoc take the weapons (1621 - 1622).
April 9th: Luynes and the king walks against the Protestants of midday (end in November).
April 18th: Riot anti-Protestant woman with Turns.
June 25th: Capitulation of Saint-Jean-in Angély.
July 23rd - August 4th: Sit of Clairac.
August 17th: Flow of the Head office of Montauban.
August: Luynes becomes Connétable of France.
November 10th: Failure of Luynes in front of Montauban against the Protestants. He dies before being disgraced (December 15th). (see Head office of Montauban)
December 24th: Méry of Vic becomes Minister of Justice of France (fine in 1622).

Marie de Médicis is reconciled with the king thanks to his protected Richelieu.

Arts & cultures

Cid Campeador , part of Guillén of Castro.
Roman History , of Nicolas Coëffeteau.
Sheep-folds of Honorat Bueil of Racan.
poetic Works , of Theophilus de Viau.

Beginning of the realization by the workshop of Rubens of the Cycle of the life of Marie de Médicis (fine in 1625).
Bernin, with the service of the cardinal Scipion Borghèse, begins for the gardens of the villa Borghèse with Rome three carved groups.

Sciences & technology

September 12th: Pierre Gassendi observes close to Aix-en-Provence, a Polar lights exceptional. It is the first scientifically to describe the phenomenon which it names “Northern light”.
the Dutch scientist Willebrord Snell known as Snellius establishes the law of the Réfraction of the light.
Epitome Stronomiae Copernicanae ( Abrégé astronomy copernician , 1618-1621), which gathers all the discoveries of Kepler in only one volume.

Economy & company

Frozen of olive-trees in Provence.
the number of the trades of the Soie laughs Lyon is born has triplet since 1575 - 1595.
Fontico dei Turchi (district of the merchants Turkish) in San Giovanni Decollato, Venice.
Foundation of the bank of Nuremberg.
Thomas Mun formula for the first time the concept of balances trade.

Births in 1621

March 31st: Andrew Marvell, English poet († August 16th 1678, 57 years)
July 8th: Jean of the Fountain, poet and fabulist French († April 13rd 1695, 74 years)

Death in 1621

January 28th: Paul V
February 15th: Michael Praetorius, German type-setter
March 31st: Philippe III of Spain,
May 11th: Johann Arndt, philosopher German pietist (1555-1621).
June 21st: Louis III, cardinal of Own way, archbishop of Rheims of 1605 at 1621.
July 13rd: Albert of Austria, governor of the Spanish Netherlands.
August 3rd: Guillaume of Squirrel fur, magistrate, speaker, poet and moralist (1556 -1621)
September 17th: Robert Bellarmin, theologist Jesuit (1542-1621).
October 6th: Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck, organist and type-setter of the Netherlands.
7 or October 8th: Antoine de Montchrestien, dramatic author and economist (v. 1575 -1621).
October 12th: Pierre Matthieu, playwright, poet and historiographer.
October 17th: Daniel Chamier, theologist
December 15th: Charles of Albert, duke of Luynes

Easter Day

April 11th: Sunday of Easter
For other religious holidays, to see Comput

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