1561

This page relates to the year 1561 Calendrier Julien.

Events

Southern Africa: A missionary is assassinated in the kingdom of the Monomotapa and the king of Portugal decides to intervene against the monomotapa Nogomo. At the time when the Portuguese will triumph, their Barreto chief dies and, in 1573, the task force beats a retreat.

With died of the Manicongo Diego, the Portuguese intervene in the fight which opposes the applicants to the throne. They impose Alfonso II, but this one is assassinated shortly after and replaced by Bernardo (fine in 1566). The Ngola (the chief of the Ndongo), benefits from it to separate from the Congo.
Beginning of the reign of Abdallah, wire of Malo, sultan of the Baguirmi (fine in 1602). Under its reign, the sultanate of Baguirmi is gained almost entirely with the Islam.

the pasha of Algiers Hassan is driven out by the odjak , the militia of the Janissaire S. the following year, it succeeds in taking again its command in Algiers, but it cannot seize Oran and Seas-el-Kébir, always held by the Spaniards.

February: Beginning of the countryside of Akbar for the annexation of the Mâlwa in India (fine in 1564).

Adam Khan, wire of Maham Anaga, the nurse of Akbar, occupies the Mâlwa where it is devoted to the plundering and acts of cruelties. Finally Akbar makes it carry out and becomes the only Master of the Empire.

Akbar makes a policy of conquests with the alliance of the princes Rajput, whom it associates largely with the government. Shiite, it practices a religious policy more tolerant than its predecessors. He marries a Rajput princess of Amber to make sure of their alliance.
Reform of the administration. Akbar load eunuque the Itimad Khan to increase the re-entries of the central capacity with depend on the governors of province. To carry out centralization, Akbar must put at the step the ethnic factions, the center-Asian oulémas and finally clans. The system of the iqtâ is removed. The administration can take the taxes directly and pay the dignitaries of the Empire in cash. In front of a great revolt caused by these reforms, Akbar will have to retrogress in the years 1580.

Execution of Bayazid, wire of Süleyman Ier which indicates its other wire Sélim like successor.

August 19th: Return of Marie Stuart, widow of François II of France, in Scotland. She encourages the catholic hierarchy remained places from there but does not call into question the Confession of faith and the presbytéro-synodal system.
August 25th: William of Orange wife Anne, niece of the voter of Saxony.
November 28th: Pact of Wilno. Sigismond II of Poland appendix the Livonie, the Courlande and the Latvia. Dissolution of the order of the knights teutonic. Tallinn (Reval, Hanseatic port threatened by the commercial competition of Viborg and Narva, conquered by the tsar) and the nobility of the north of the Estonia pass under the protection of the Swedish crown, Poland temporarily controls the south of the country, of which Tartu.

Failure of negotiations for a marriage between Elisabeth Anger of England and Erik XIV of Sweden.
Philippe II of Spain chooses Madrid like capital.
Ferdinand Ier names a catholic archbishop of Prague. It takes its functions in 1564.
the lords of the Netherlands obtain the withdrawal of the Spanish garrisons.
Synod clandestine calvinist with Antwerp, animated by Guy de Brès. Confession of faith of the Spanish Netherlands.
the Jésuites are established with Innsbruck under the authority of Pierre Canisius (1521 - 1597).
Charles Borromée, archbishop of Milan, holds of 1561 with 1581 eleven synods diocesans and six synods provincial to make apply the decisions of the Concile of Thirty. It founds seminars in its diocese.

January 31st: closing of the General states of Orleans (started the December 13rd) preceding).

the ordinance of Orleans, written by the chancellor of Michel of Hospital, grants freedom of worship to the Protestants. It gives in application certain religious regulations (obligation to be unemployed Sundays and festivals, continuation against the blasphemers and prohibition of the mockeries against the religion in the theaters of fair and on the almanacs).

the tensions go up during the Lent. Preachings, processions exacerbate the catholics. The huguenots arm and put the fallen cities in their capacity in defense. Certain municipalities prohibit the mass.
March 5th: Crown Charles IX of France.
April 7th: Triumvirate: pact between François Ier Own way, the marshal of Saint-Andrew and Anne de Montmorency in order to exterminate Protestantism and to ruin the Bourbon.
September 9th: opening of the Conference of Poissy between catholics and Protestants (end the September 26th).
October 14th: Failure of the Conference of Poissy which tries to bring catholic and Protestants with a compromise. Theodore de Bèze presents a profession of faith on which the debate begins, which stumbles on the real presence of the Christ in the Eucharistie. The general of the Jesuits, Tease, stops any attempt at conciliations by recalling that it is interdict to communicate with excommunicated.
October 20th: Massacre catholics taken refuge in the cathedral of Montpellier.
November: The synod of Holy-Foy creates a Protestant military organization and appoints war leaders.
December 27th: Plundering of the Saint M3edard's Day Church in Paris by the Protestants. The catholics retort the following day by the confusion of the temple of the Patriarch from where the Protestants had come.

Opening of the General states of Pontoise.
Henri de Navarre at the court.
the king returns the Dombes to the nephew of the constable Louis de Bourbon, the duke of Montpensier.

Foundation of a college of Jesuits to Trnava.
Accademia del Disegno of Florence.
poetic Art , of the humanistic resident of Agen Jules César Scaliger (1484 - 1558).
Itinerario delle various post office per party LED mondo , of Giovanni of Bleached on grass, published with Venice.

France: establishment of an import duty of 5 grounds by muids of wine paid to the entry of the cities closed by all the subjects. Renewed in 1567, then in 1573 and constantly maintained thereafter.
an English agent, left bay of Saint Nicolas's Day (White Sea), arrives in Perse with its goods by the road of the the Volga and the Caspienne. A staple trade is organized during a few years.

February 26th: Jorge de Montemayor, Spanish writer (born in 1520), author of the Diane (1559), pastoral novel with success.
March 25th: Conrad Lycosthenes, humanistic Alsatian (born in 1518)
May 16th: Jean Tarnowski, noble Polish (° 1488)
October 27th: Lope de Aguirre
November 11th: Hans Tausen, reforming Danish (born in 1594).
December 10th: Kaspar Schwenckfeld, German philosopher (born in 1489).

Alonso Berruguete, wood-carver (born in 1490).
Ridolfo Ghirlandaio, Italian painter, wire of Domenico Ghirlandaio (born in 1483).
Lancelot Blondeel, Flemish painter. (° 1498).

Be-X-old: 1561 Map-bms: 1561 Simple: 1561

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