1560

This page relates to the year 1560 Calendrier Julien.

Events

Americas

  • March 15th, Brazil: the Portuguese destroy the colony of France the Antarctic established, in bay of Rio since January 1555 by a French, strong forwarding of 600 colonists, and directed by Nicolas Durand de Villegagnon, lord of Torcy and vice-admiral of Brittany. The Portuguese governor Mem de Sá, with the head of a squadron of two naves and eight smaller boats leaves Bahia in January for bay of Rio where it takes by storm the Fort-Coligny. He dies during the confrontation.

  • Revolt of the Indians to the Peru.
  • Beginning of the reign of Titu Kusi, penultimate sovereign INCA, poisoned in 1571.
  • Forwarding of Pedro de Ursúa in direction of the the Amazon. Rebellion of Lope de Aguirre which assassinates Ursúa then falls under the blows from the loyal supporters.

  • Immigration in mass of the Indians Chichimèques of the South-west of the current United States towards the money mines, opened by the Spaniards in the north of the Mexico.

Asia

  • June 12th: Oda Nobunaga becomes a Daimyō (lord) important with the Japan. It crushes its neighbors the Imagawa with the Bataille of Okehazama.
  • Seulement twelve old families of daimyôs (high aristocracy) survive the Japan, on the 260 which existed one century earlier.

India

  • Bayram is exiled with Mecque and dies assassinated during the voyage.

  • Akbar conquers the Rajputana (fine in 1595). It seizes the fortress of Chitor (southern of the the Rajasthan) after four months of seat which does not capitulate and is defended until the end ( jauhâr ). The men go to dead while trying a despaired exit, while the women and the children perish flarings in the fortress.

The close East

  • the séfarade Josef Nassi, adviser of the Othoman sultan Süleyman Ier, is named duke of Naxos and the Cyclades. The sultan entrusts to him the direction of Jewish agricultural colonies around the lake of Tibériade, of the “sea of Galileo” or Lake Kinnereth (about 1560 - 1570). Helped of the marranes Francisco Coronel and Josef Ben Ardit, it launches in the operation a majority of refugees of the Portugal and Spain. After its death in 1579, the experiment tightened begun again without much success by the duke of Mytilène, the marrane Alvaro Mendes, become again in 1585 with Istanbul Solomon Ben Yaïsh.

Africa

  • 9 - May 14th: battles naval of Jerba. Failure of the forwarding of Philippe II of Spain against Jerba: the Christian fleet stops in Jerba, fault of pushing until Tripoli. It is made surprise by the armada Piali Pasha, although one announced the approach of it to him, whereas it was delayed to charge with the goods (olive oil).

Europe

  • February 27th: Signature of the Treated of Berwick between the England and the lords Scot, in order to drive out the French of Scotland.
  • April 15th: The Denmark achête islands of Saaremaa.
  • July 6th: Treated of Edinburgh following the defeat of Marie de Guise, supported by French troops, against the revolted Scottish one helped of the English troops. Departure of the French of Scotland.
  • : The Scottish Parliament does not recognize any more the authority of the Pape, approves a confession of faith calvinist written by John Knox ( Book off Common Order ), thus melting the Église of Scotland.
  • September 29th: Beginning of the reign of Erik XIV Vasa (1533 - 1577), king of Sweden (fine in 1568).
    • Erik XIV of Sweden is rather carried to let the Church organize itself. Its entourage is composed of intellectuals close to the Calvinism.

  • Failure of the attempt at introduction of the Reform in Ireland.
  • Emmanuel-Philibert of Savoy cease to convene the General states in Piedmont.
  • Famine with Genoa.

France

  • February 23rd: edict of Amboise softening measurements against the Protestants. It grants a generalized forgiveness and authorizes the assemblies.
  • Mars: Michel of Hospital (1504-1573) becomes chancellor of Catherine de Médicis (fine in 1568).
  • March 15th - March 19th: Conspiracy of Amboise: chiefs protesting (Cop, Renaudie…) try to remove the king to withdraw it from the influence of the Guise. Betrayed, entreated are massacred. Gaspard de Coligny takes the party of revolted. In front of the risk of civil war, Catherine de Médicis request of the assistance to Philippe II and the duke of Savoy. It approaches the Montmorency-Chastillon while sparing the Guise.
  • Michel of Hospital proclaims the Édit of Romorantin which stops the installation of the Inquisition in France. The assemblies of Protestants are proscribed.
    • the calvinists continue to be assembled and seize buildings to celebrate their ceremonies. To the autumn, the royal army enters to shift to prevent them to be assembled and force them to restore the buildings: the count of Villars, lieutenant-general of the governor, operates in Languedoc. He forces the ministers to flee in the mountain, restores the catholic worship and strikes heavy fines those which take part in the meetings.
  • Louis de Condé, condemned to died to the General states, is saved by the death of disease of François II.
  • December 5th: Charles IX becomes king of France until in 1574.
  • December 13rd 1560 - January 31st 1561: meeting of the General states, with Orleans, which entrust regency to Catherine de Médicis during the minority of Charles IX, with the detriment of Antoine of Bourbon. The partisans of the repression of the heresy and those of the tolerance are opposed. Catherine wants to avoid the civil war by holding the equal balance between the parties. She is pressed on tolerant officers, like the chancellor Michel of Hospital.
  • Antoine of Bourbon becomes general lieutenant of the kingdom.

Poland and Russia

  • February: Resumption of the war in Livonie. Gotthard Kettler, large Master of the order livonien, sign an alliance with the Poland and breaks the truce with the Russia.
  • July: Disgrace of advised the Sylvestre and Ardatchev. Ivan the Terrible founds a mode of terror against the aristocracy of the boyards to fight against the intrigues and the revolts.
  • August 2nd: The prince André Kourbski crushes the army livonienne with Fellin. Livoniens require the assistance of the Poland.

  • Reorganization of the local government and the tax system in Russia with the detriment of the boyards which are private taxes that they had the right to take on the taxes collected by them for the tsar.

Religion

  • In France, the clergy obtains the privilege to meet in assembled administrative and financial.
  • forty ministers calvinists trained with Geneva exert in France. According to a report/ratio of Coligny, there would be in France 2  150 “planted” Churches (Church organized with a consistory regularly elected by the community, a minister and the right of representation to the provincial and national synods.
  • progress of the Réforme is braked in Poland after 1560.
  • John Knox introduces the Reform in Scotland.
  • the Puritan word “”, of French origin, appears in England.
  • posterior Confession Swiss , of Bullinger, text to which adhere the Churches calvinists: Swiss Palatinat (1566), , Geneva, Hungary and Poland (1570).
  • Traité right that the magistrates have to punish the heretics , of the calvinist Theodore de Bèze.

Arts & cultures

  • Creation of the Fair of the book of Frankfurt.
  • Lampoon of François Hotman ( Epistle with the Tiger of France ) against the cardinal of Lorraine.
  • Speech , of Ronsard (1560 - 1563).
  • First collective edition of works of Ronsard.
  • the Séfarade S Solomon and Josef Ben Itzhak Yaabetz, printers with Istanbul.
  • Regimiento of emptied , of the Marrane Mossé Almosnino, published with Salonique (1560 - 1564).
  • the Russian merchant Basile Poznianov, charged to bring a pecuniary help to the patriarch of Alexandria and to the archbishop of the Mount the Sinai, makes the account of its voyage.

  • Three hundred and fifty painters are registered at the guild of the painters with Antwerp.
  • Suzanne and the old men , painting of the Tintoret.
  • Come and Adonis , painting of the Titien.

  • Construction of the Town hall of Renaissance style of Poznań (1550 -1560).
  • the cathedral of Moscow is built by Postnik and Jacoblev.
  • Construction of Slobada of Alexandrov, the Basile-the-Happy church, the hotel of the printing works of Moscow, the palate of Falconers with Moscow and of the Kremlin of Kazan.
  • the construction of the Uffizi Gallery starts with Florence.
  • Construction of the Mosque of Rüstem Pasha to Constantinople (fine in 1564).

Sciences & technology

  • Foundation with Naples of the Academia Secretorum naturae , first in date of the scientific companies.

Economy & company

  • About 1560, Genoa becomes the most dynamic city of the world, “the pole of the economy world” (Braudel) until worms 1780, substitute Antwerp.
  • Philippe II of Spain orders to the duke Alcalá, viceroy of Naples, to make suitable for motor vehicles the road of Naples to Barletta for the land carriage of corn of the Pouilles towards the capital.
  • the Morisque S, Moslems converted of force to Christianity, are 150  000 in the Kingdom of Grenade (for 125  000 “old Christians”) 100  000 in the huerta of Valence and 50  000 dispersed. It is in fact of the hardly dissimulated Moslems.
  • Tizon of Nobleza de España , written by the cardinal Mendoza there Bobadilla for Philippe II of Spain. He shows that all the nobility of Castille and Aragon has Jewish blood in the veins.
  • 12  000  000 pounds of size are raised per annum in France. The incomes Net of the State reach a maximum with 200 tons of equivalent-money.
  • the Livre tournaments is equivalent to 14 G of money.
  • 65 tons of equivalent-money are sent of America towards the Spain. The money arrivals override the gold contributions.
  • Amsterdam account less 30  000 inhabitants.
  • the olive-tree starts to be cultivated with the Peru.
  • the Brazil produced 180  000 arrobas of Sugar.
  • Jean Nicot sends Lisbon to Paris of the Tabac of its plantations.

Births in 1560

  • François Savary Short († 1628), diplomat and orientalist French.

Death in 1560

Be-X-old: 1560 Map-bms: 1560 Simple: 1560

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