1538

This page relates to the year 1538 Calendrier Julien.

Events

July 8th, Peru: Hernando Pizarro puts at dead Diego de Almagro become the rival of its brother Francisco Pizarro.

the brother François de Bobadilla avoids the confrontation between Diego de Almagro and Francisco Pizarro by joining together them with the conference of Chincha, in the south of Lima, where it is agreed that Almagro must receive its government of Charles Quint and release Hernando Pizarro. With the news of the escape from Gonzalo of the Sacsayhuamán, Almagro sets out again towards Cuzco to prevent any agitation. Meanwhile a messenger of Charles Quint confirms the government of Cuzco with Francisco Pizarro. Almagro refuses to be subjected, and its troops, ordered by the Ordoñez captain, are beaten in the plain of Las Salinas by those of Hernando and Pedro de Valvidia (April 26th). To the instigation of Hernando Pizarro, Diego de Almagro judged, is condemned then garrotté and decapitated on the place of Cuzco (July 8th). Hernando will be recalled in Spain by Charles Quint to return account of its control and jeté in prison during 23 years.

August 6th: Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada founds Santa Fe of Bogota, capital of the Nouvelle Grenade. It goes in Spain to obtain Charles Quint the government of the New Grenade, but its superior Fernandez de Lugo succeeds in obtaining it for his son. He finishes his days in exile.
November 30th: Foundation of Ciudad of Plata of Nueva Toledo, or Charcas . Beginning of the conquest of the grounds constituting the current Bolivia by the Spanish conquistadors.

Belalcázar is sent by Pizarro towards the east: it takes Quito, then reached Bogota where it meets Quesada and Federmann.

July: The emperor moghol Humayun walk towards Gaur against Sher Shâh Sûrî, sultan of the Bihâr, which avoids it but attacks the Moghols territories.

naval Forwarding of the Othoman against the Portuguese of Diu in India. The Turks occupy Aden, block the strait of Bad el Mandeb, ensuring the control of road of Mecque for the Eastern Moslems.

January 1st: Ferdinand Ier is elected with Cetin king of Croatia - Slavonie.
February 10th: Anne de Montmorency is named Connétable of France by the king and ensures the capacity (fine in 1540).
February 24th, Hungary: Secret treaty of Nagyvárad (Grosswardein): Ferdinand and Jean Zapolyai is recognized mutually. The crown was to return to the Habsbourg to died of Jean Zapolyai, while Zapolyai would preserve the Transylvania.
April 13rd, Russia: Regency is entrusted to a council of boyards to died of Héléna Glinski, mother of Ivan IV (Chouiski and Bielski is suspected of having poisoned it). Their internal conflicts ruin the country (1538 - 1544).
April 22nd: The Genevese, exceeded by the requirements of their pastors and the moral rigidity which they want to impose, decide the members of the council to pronounce the exile of Couraud, Calvin and Farel.

Guillaume Farel settles with Basle, then with Neuchâtel.
Calvin, driven out Geneva, resides at Strasbourg (April 1538 - September 1541) where Martin Bucer entrusts the spiritual direction of the French refugees to him and a pulpit of professor at the High-School.

June 18th: The pope Paul III makes sign a truce with Nice between François Ier of France, installed with the castle of Villeneuve and Charles Quint (Charles V) which is held in a galère in the roads of Villefranche-sur-Mer. He encourages them to launch a crusade against the England and the Turks.
Interview of Acute-Dead. A ten years truce is signed. Charles Quint obtains from king de France the authorization to cross its States to repress the revolt of Ghent.

the prince de Moldavie Petru Rareş, tributary of the Door, is combined with Ferdinand starting the hostility of the sultan. Süleyman Ier invades the country and Petru Rareş, given up by the boyards, must flee in Transylvania.

September 21st: Süleyman Ier imposes new a voïévode, Ştefan V Lăcusta, and appendix with its empire the south of the Bessarabia, which cuts Moldavie of the Black Sea and the mouths of the the Danube.
September 28th: Victoire of the Othoman on the Christian fleet with the Battle of Prévéza (Greece). Venice can preserve nevertheless the Crete and Cyprus.
November 11th: 38 galères of Khayr AD-DIN Barberousse are thrown on the coast by a storm in Adriatique and are plundered by the Albanians.

Of the Marrane S Portuguese settles with Ferrare, in Italy. The community increases elements come from the Papal States after the advent of the pope Paul VI in 1555. Under the pressure of the Church, the duke Alphonse II of Este will have to make stop the judaïsants city in 1581.
Pierre de Mareuil, bishop of Lavaur becomes, at the end of a long crisis, abbot of Brantôme and attaches its abbey to the congregation of Chezal-Benoit.

the Injonction of the Clergy insist on the importance of the reading of the Bible in English and on the doctrines of the hello by the faith, and authorize the marriage of the priests. The pilgrimages, the veneration of the relics and any devotion with the statues of the saints and the Vierge are condemned like superstitions.
the archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer carries out the orders of Henri VIII, which intimate to profane the tomb of Thomas Becket in the cathedral of Canterbury and to remove the many festivals of the Catholic church. He endeavors to ensure the union of the Church Anglican with the Church German Lutheran and invites in England a certain number of Protestant refugees.
Dissolution of the monasteries.

Gustav Vasa takes as a starting point German models to reform the administration of the Sweden (fine in 1543). It is surrounded by senior civil servants of German origin, Lutherans (Georg Norman, with the businesses ecclesiastic, then Chancelier) or catholics (Conrad von Pihy with the Foreign affairs).
the catholic bishop of the Faroe, Asmundr Ólafsson, is off-set with the Denmark.
In Iceland, the governor Klaus von Merwitz submits to the bishops the Danish Ordinatio ecclesiastica . He hears which is applied in Iceland. The bishops react negatively.

March 22nd: Opening to Strasbourg of a school of theology, the High-School, under the direction of Jean Sturm. Martin Bucer, Capiton, Hedion and Pierre Martyr Vermigli teaches theology; Emmanuel Tremelli teaches Hebrew.
October 28th: Foundation of the University of Saint-Domingue by the bubble In Apostolatus Culminates .

Edition of the Works of Clement Marot in Lyon, by Etienne Dolet.
Regalium Franciae , of Toulouse the Charles de Grassaille (the king of France east emperor in its kingdom).
the Titien paints the Venus d' Urbin .

Spain: The servicio (exceptional tax voted by the Cortes) passes from 200 million maravédis (one ducat = 375 maravédis) to 450 million after 1538-1540.

January 23rd: Guillaume de Mantoue, noble Italian, duke of Mantoue, marquis then duke of Montferrat († August 14th 1587, 49 years)
unknown dates:

February 12th Albrecht Altdorfer, painter, engraver and German architect.
March 18th: Érard of Marck, prince bishop of Liege of 1505 with 1538. (° May 31st 1472).
April 3rd: Héléna Glinski, regent of Russia and mother of Ivan IV.

Be-X-old: 1538 Map-bms: 1538

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