1494

This page relates to the year 1494 Calendrier Julien.

Events

Africa

  • the king of Ethiopia Eskender is overcome and killed during a forwarding against the Moslems in the Plain of Salt. Ethiopia loses its military supremacy. Amda-Syon II reign six months, then is replaced by Naod, brother of Eskender.
  • October 26th: Beginning of the reign of Naod, king d' Ethiopie (fine in 1508). He marries Eléni (Helene), girl of one of his vassal Moslems, the prince of the Daouaro. She is baptized before receiving the title of empress. She helps Naod in her government, she even advised by the Portuguese Pedro de Covilham. The reign of Naod starts with peace with the sultan of Adal, but the emir of Harrar benefits from the moments of fast imposed by the Church copte for launching forwardings against the Ethiopian ones. He is easily overcome by Naod.

Americas

  • Christophe Colomb becomes viceroy of the Western Indies.
  • Colomb explores Haiti (January-March) and founds Hispaniola, first Spanish colony of the New World. He entrusts the colony and the prospection of gold to Alonzo de Hojeda then share for Juana (Cuba). He explores Jamaica (May 12th) and the western southern part of Cuba which he describes like a peninsula of the Chinese continent. From return to Hispaniola, he learns that a rising led by cacic the Caonabo has just been crushed by Pedro Marguerit. Moreover, of the dissensions between Castilians and “foreigners” (Génois and Catalans) burst. A few hundreds of dissatisfied or sick Spanish are returned in Spain under the command of Antonio de Torres. Five hundred recalcitrant natives are off-set like slaves towards Spain.

  • June 7th: The Spain and the Portugal sign, constrained by the pope Alexandre VI, the Traité of Tordesillas, by which, these two powers are understood on the division of the territories of the Nouveau World. The line of 1493 is pushed back with 370 places more in the west.
All that would be discovered in the west of longitude 50° would belong to the Spain, and all that would be in the east (Africa included/understood) would belong to the Portugal. In fact papacy had not allotted zones of colonization, but of the zones of evangelization, subtle distinction which did not resist the appetites of these two European powers.

Asia

  • Voyage of two traders génois, San Stefano and Adorno. They descend the Red Sea, make stage with Massaoua in Ethiopia, then embark Aden for Sumatra. The island is divided into of small Moslem kingdoms, which export pepper, benzoin and gold. San Stefano meets there a local civil servant who speaks Italian. Génois arrive in Burma where Adorno dies, while San Stefano turns over to Ormuz, where it puts at the service Syrians.

The Atlantic

Europe

  • nonwell informed or unknown Dates :
    • has Moulin, Pierre II of Bourbon control surface the France during the war in Italy.
    • the pope gives to Isabelle and Ferdinand the title of catholic Kings.
    • In Castille, the Conversos returned after 1492 must be presented in front of the inquisiteurs of Tolède to enumerate the paternal goods to which they claim and to pay in repurchase the sum required by the court. They generally do not have the means of them.
    • Law Poynings imposing the English legislation in Ireland and subordinating the meeting of the Parliament of Dublin to royal authorization.
    • Treated between Ivan III of Russia and Alexandre Ier Jagellon of Lithuania, which recognizes sovereign Ivan “of all Russia” and marries his/her Helene daughter.

Italy

  • January 25th: Alphonse II succeeds the king Ferdinand Ier on the throne of Naples (end in January 1495).

  • Mars: Charles VIII takes the title of king de Naples and Jerusalem.
  • September 2nd: Charles VIII, king of France invades the Italy. Beginning of the Wars of Italy (fine in 1559).
  • September: The French fleet directed by Louis of Orleans and Urfé unloads with Rapallo close to Genoa with supports marine artillery. The arrival of the French Army revives the competitions between States alleviated since 1454.
  • October 22nd: Ludovico Sforza he Moro becomes duke of Milan after undoubtedly being removed from its nephew. Husband of Beatrice d' Este, it leads to Milan a sumptuous life, protecting Léonard de Vinci and Bramante (fine in 1500). Hostile at the house of Aragon, it calls upon Charles VIII of France.
  • October: Charles VIII arrives as Milanese.
  • November:
    • Charles VIII enters to Tuscany with 10  000 men.
    • a popular rising involves the fall of the Médicis to Florence. The Republic is restored.
    • has Pisa, Charles VIII confirms the party of town freedoms (fine in 1509).
  • November 22nd: Entry of the French with Florence. Charles VIII meets Savonarole with Florence, from where the Médicis have just been driven out, and takes care with him Pic of Mirandole.
  • December 24th: The port of Genoa freezes with Christmas.
  • December 31st: Entry of the French with Rome. Charles VIII pays homage to pontifical dignity but imposes to the pope Alexandre Borgia the delivery of hostages, of which César Borgia.

Art & culture

  • Das Schift Narren ( the Nave of insane the ) of Sebastien Brandt. Its success is such as work is translated at once into Latin ( Stultifera navis , 1495).

  • Arrived at Venice of the professor of Greek and Roman Latin Alde Manuce (Aldo Manuzio) which becomes the first large editor (traditional books in small size). It makes compose of new characters, in particular the cursive one (italics), used for the Latin texts.
  • Dyed with carmine , poem inspired of the Latin authors of the Arioste (1494 - 1503).

  • the king of Ethiopia Naod composes of the poetic and religious anthems. It makes build churches, as that of Makana-Sellasié (Residence of the Holy Trinity), while the empress builds that of Mertoula-Maryam (Tent of Marie), of Western plan.

Science & technology

  • the Humaniste Conrad Celtes discovers the Table of Peutinger in a library of Worms.
  • Publication with Venice of the book of the franciscain Luca Pacioli (1445 - 1514), Summa of arithmetica, geometrica, proportions E proportionalita . It gathers all knowledge Mathématiques of the time and development aid much of the Comptabilité to double part. Books of accountancy existed before in Florence and Genoa, without double part; this work reveals a partly double Comptabilité.

Economy & company

  • the first war of Italy requires two million books which are provided by loans to the cities Italians, engagements of jewels and portions of the royal field and a rise of the taxes (2,6 million books of sizes is raised). In September - October, Charles VIII has 40  000 men of which 30  000 combatants, semi-French, semi-foreigners (Swiss, Italian…), of an about sixty gun S, one hundred ships including ten grosses hull S, Arquebus S.
  • Creation of the Scuola dei Greci with Venice: the Greek merchants of Venice, who can have ships, grow rich with the traffic with the Ottoman Empire.
  • Following the frauds of the director of the subsidiary company of Lyon and the excessive loans authorized by the director of that of Bruges to Charles Bold the, the firm of the Médicis is practically in bankruptcy when they lose the capacity with Florence.

Births in 1494

Death in 1494

Be-X-old: 1494 Map-bms: 1494 Simple: 1494

Random links:Yupik of Siberia | Awa (indigenous nationality of Ecuador) | Wetting | Frank Dancevic | Walking shoe | Foundationalism