1493

This page relates to the year 1493 Calendrier Julien.

Events

February 4th: Difficult return of Christophe Colomb on Pinta and the Niña (storms, lack of vivres), but Colomb finds from the start the road by north. It makes stopover with Lisbon the March 4th to repair the Niña - what will highly be reproached to him the Court of Spain -, then reached Palos the March 15th. It is accommodated in large pump and is confirmed in its functions of viceroy of the Indies.

May 4th: By the bubble Inter Coetera , the pope Alexandre VI Borgia allots starting from a North-South imaginary line to 100 miles to the west of the Islands of the Cape Verde, the grounds in-on this side with the Portuguese, beyond with the Spaniards. The Portuguese negotiators refuse these provisions.

September 25th: Beginning of the second voyage of Christophe Colomb (fine in 1496). It sets out again of Cadiz with 17 ships and between 1 200 and 1 600 men, and discovers the Lesser Antilles (November 12th) of which the Dominique and the Guadeloupe and Puerto Rico. Then it at the beginning of December regains Hispaniola when it finds the fort of Navidad destroyed following a revolt of the natives vis-a-vis the exactions of the colonists. Colomb decides to base a new city, Isabela, on a checkerboard plan (December 7th).

Beginning of the reign of the emperor INCA Huayna Capac, the large conqueror. He founds one second capital with Quito (fine in 1525).

Sao Tome, vacuum of inhabitants, is colonized by Portuguese Juifs and criminals.

Sonni Ali Ber disappears during a forwarding against the Dogon (Falaise of Bandiagara) and the kingdom of Gourma. His/her son Sonni Baro reigns only a few months, because one of lieutenants d' 50 years old Ali, Mohammed Touré, a Soninké originating in the Tekrour, is drawn up against him. The troops of the two men meet with Ankoo, close to Gao. The rebels of Mohammed Touré are victorious and Sonni Baro must take refuge in Ayorou, in the south-east of Songhaï, where he will die without to have been able to reconquer his throne.
Mohammed Touré inaugurates the dynasty of the Askia and pacifies and reorganizes the empire.
the dynasty of Askia, originating in the Tekrour, gives to the empire songhaï the name of empire of Tekrour and designates the Songhaï old man by the name of Dendi.

the ambassador of the king de Portugal Pedro de Covilham arrives in the Choa (Ethiopia), to negotiate an alliance with the Négus against the sultan of the Cairo. It will not return from there, and will die there thirty years later, use to retain the foreign envoys thereafter.

January 19th: Treaty of Barcelona between Charles VIII and the Kings Catholiques. Charles VIII yields the Cerdagne and the Roussillon to the Aragon.
May 23rd: Treaty of Senlis between Charles VIII and Maximilien of Austria: Habsbourg recover the Artois, the Franche-Comté and the Charolais. Maximilien gives up its Breton ambitions.

Charles VIII obtains by these two treaties the neutrality of Maximilien of Austria and Ferdinand d' Aragon before its countryside in Italy.

June 12th: First marriage of Lucrèce Borgia, with Giovanni Sforza. It is only 13 years old and this union was decided by his/her father the pope Alexandre IV and by his brother César Borgia.
August 19th: Beginning of the reign of Maximilien Ier, Germanic Roman Emperor (fine in 1519). It tries to reinforce the imperial capacity by reorganizing the institutions of the Saint Worsens. It enters in competition with the voter-archbishop of Mainz Berthold de Henneberg who wishes to reinforce the empire, but with the profit of the princes.

Thanks to the renunciation of Sigismond of the Tyrol, Maximilien gathers under its direct authority the worldwide hereditary of the house of Austria: Low-Austria, the Tyrol, interior Austria (Styrie, Carinthie, Carniole), évêchés of Brixen, of Thirty, the county of Gorizia, the Eastern Souabe, of the seigniories around Augsburg, and Austria former (High-Alsace, Brisgau, Ensisheim, Freiburg…). It establishes its capital with Innsbruck.

September 9th: Victoire of the Othoman on the Croatian with the Battle of Corbavie
December 11th, France: Edict organizing the Masters of the requests of the Hotel, used to control the acts of the administrators, the judges and financial.

Failure of a country revolt in Alsace under Hans Ulman ( Bundschuh , “League of the peasants”).
Institution of a government of regency and a room of the accounts with Vienna.
Convention between Genoa and the Kings Catholiques for the foundation of the colony génoise to Seville.
a sermon of Savonarole on the renewal of the Church has a great repercussion in Italy.
Ivan III takes the title of sovereign (gossoudar) of all the Russia.
Jean Ier of Denmark concluded an alliance with Ivan III from Moscow then in conflict with the Sweden.
Meeting of the Polish general Diet ( Sejm wolny ) with Piotrkòw, inaugurating a series of 200 diets which are held until in 1795. It is made of a senate and a room of deputy ( Nuntii ). It will make the essential decisions sanctioned by the king. It marks a revenge of the means and the small noble ones against the tycoons who, familiar of the monarch, share the loads of the State.

the University of Vienna, torn by the quarrels between the scholastic and humanism, is reformed by the superintendent Bernard Preger de Stainz, humanistic supported by Maximilien Ist
July 12th and December 23rd, Germany: Wolgemut , universal Chronicle, engraved with Nuremberg, of Hartmann Schedel.
Alde Manuce founds its Imprimerie with Venice.

the Tragedy of the emperor Charlemagne and a part played every year since the 16th century with Sao Tome by the Blacks of the island brought of force by the Portuguese. The topic is the injustice of colonization. Charlemagne incarnates the king of Portugal which must judge his/her son who committed a crime. The number of the episodes increases with time, because to the initial crime are added later fixed prices.

Léonard de Vinci discovers the mechanism of the space vision and the inversion of the images in the eye.

Christophe Colomb introduces with Hispaniola wheat, melon, the vine and the cane with sugar. The exploitation of the gold of the rivers develops: Colomb authorizes the forced labor of the natives ( Encomienda ).
March 31st: Martín Alonso Pinzón, hardly of return of Americas, dies of the Syphilis; the disease, generally mortal, spread themselves by Seville and the Italy (“badly of Naples”) in all the Europe until in 1526, then its effects decrease as of the second part of the 16th century. The sailors contaminate until Ceylon. As of 1503, one encounters the first cases in China.
Grape harvest of quality in the Rhenish vineyard of 1493 with 1500.
In Poland, the lords make take legal measures to fix the peasants at the ground.

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