1231

This page relates to the year 1231 Calendrier Julien.

Events

Kai-cheng falls in December. The Mongols install 72 darougatchi (governors) in the conquered main cities. In the years which will follow, the Koreans will revolt with the call of their sovereigns and will massacre the Mongolian garrisons. The country will be definitively subjected in 1258.

In winter, Ögödei lance three tumens (30 000 men) ordered by Tchormaghan noïon against Jalal AD-DIN. They cross the Khorasan quickly and go on the Azerbaïdjan. Jalal AD-DIN, weakens by its defeat vis-a-vis the Moslems, gives up Tabriz (spring) and flees towards the territory of Moghan and Arran, with the mouth of the Koura and the Araxe, then with Diyarbakir. The August 15th, it is assassinated by a Kurdish peasant. Tchormaghan settles with its troops with the mouth of the Koura and of the Araxe and until its death in 1241 remains there.
Tchingtemur puts the Khorasan at bag and the population (end in 1235) massacres some.
the Mongols impose their suzerainty on the Saljûqides of Iran.

September 1st: Frederic II establishes an absolute monarchy in its Italian states by the Constitutions of Melfi.
October 11th: The Pope Gregoire IX load Conrad de Marbourg to set up, in all the Empire, of the authorities of the Court of Enquiry.

the pope Gregoire IX, following the failure of the episcopal enquiry in its fight against the Cathares, creates the Inquisition itself which he will entrust to the orders beggars.

Foundation of Toruń by the order of the teutonic Knights.
the German bishops launch a permanent crusade against the people of the East: Hermann Balke crosses the the Vistula to the head of an army.
the canton of Uri in Suisse is proclaimed independent.
the Cathare S of Strasbourg support their brothers of Milan by regular payments.
the popular party arrives at the capacity to Bologna.
In France, disappearance and reappearance of the Holy nail (1231 - 1232).
the obligation for the Jewish to carry the yellow Rouelle is published in all the Spain. The Jews of Castille refuse to obey and start to emigrate towards the Moslem countries. The pope will make suspend the decree to avoid reinforcing the Islam.
Beginning of the reign of Jean de Brienne, Latin emperor of Constantinople (fine in 1237).
the franciscain Barthélemy tries to convert the métropolite Corfou with the filioque one.
Riots with Cyprus: 13 Greek monks are flarings.

April 13rd: The Université of Paris receives its charter. The pope Gregoire IX, by his '' Bulle Parens scientiarum '', take under its protection the University of Paris which obtains to regulate itself the teaching and the collation of the ranks, in particular of the licenses ( licentia docendi , or right to teach).

the abbot of Saint-Denis Eudes Clément continues rebuilding works of the basilica undertaken by Suger in 1140.
the councils of Rouen and Castle-Gontier in 1231, those of Direction in 1239, order to the clerks vagants or goliards to hide their tonsure, decides that the clerks Ribauds shaven and will be mowed in order to not keep any trace of the original tonsure.
the Afghan poet Djallal el DIN Rûmi founds the order soufi Dancing dervishes.
universal History (Al-Kâmil) of Ibn Al-Athir (1160 - 1233), which supplements Tabarî until 1231.
Construction of the tomb of Ghuri Sultan to Delhi.

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